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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 9: Classical and Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 9: Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Shaping

A
  • shaping one’s behavior using rewards in order to achieve desired behavior
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2
Q

Successive approximations

A
  • steps towards a target goal.

- rewarded in order to reinforce the behavior

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3
Q

Chaining

A

-linking learned behaviors to create more complex behavior

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4
Q

Ratio schedules

A
  • behavior dependent

- can be fixed or variable

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5
Q

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A
  • a behavior is reinforced after “n” behaviors

- buy five frozen yogurts get the sixth one free

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6
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A
  • behavior is reinforced after a variavle number of behaviors
  • most powerful reinforcement schedule
  • Gambling
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7
Q

Learning

A

-relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from experience or practice

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8
Q

Behaviorists

A
  • learning theorists
  • adherent to the behavioral perspective
  • John Locke
  • John Watson
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9
Q

John Locke

A
  • father of liberalism
  • tabula rasa: blank slate
  • the individual we become is the result of experience
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10
Q

Environmental determinism

A
  • our environment shapes every aspect of who we were, are and will become
  • we can change who people are by manipulating the circumstances in which they develop
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11
Q

John Watson

A
  • founded behaviorism
  • give me a dozen healthy infants and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any kind of specialist I select
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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • classical conditioning
  • Pavlov’s dogs
  • provided experimental support for the views of behaviorists
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13
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural, involuntary response
  • Pavlov’s dogs
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14
Q

Neutral stimulus

A
  • a stimulus that evokes no special response except to call attention to it
  • Pavlov’s bell
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15
Q

Associative learning

A
  • learning by associating two stimuli

- ideas and experiences are linked and therefore reinforce each other

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16
Q

Stimulus response learning

A
  • behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response
  • behavior can be learned or modified through a stimulus and response
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17
Q

Acquisition

A

-the formation of a learned association

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18
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus- US or UCS

A
  • any stimulus that elicits an automatic/involuntary response in an organism
  • food makes dogs salivate, food is UCS
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19
Q

Unconditioned Response- UR or UCR

A
  • a reflex or autonomic response

- salivation

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus- CS

A
  • neutral stimulus paired with the US

- pairing the bell with food

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21
Q

Conditioned response- CR

A
  • behavior that is considered a reflec paired with CS

- salivating at the sound of the bell because it is associated with food

22
Q

Learned responses in everyday life

A

-associating songs with ads and products

23
Q

Taste aversion

A
  • Garcia effect
  • losing your taste for a food after having a bad experience with it
  • SEAS chicken tacos
24
Q

John Garcia

A
  • Garcia effect/taste aversion

- intial exposure to flavored water followed by a toxic reaction to radiation made rats averse to the water

25
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A
  • a response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned
  • dog only responds to a platic bowl and not a metal one when conditioned with a plastic bowl
26
Q

Stimulus generalization

A
  • a response to another stimulus that is similar to the orginal conditioned stimulus
  • dog responds with salivation regardless of the material of the bowl it was originally conditioned
27
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • Little albert experiment
  • classical conditioning and phobias
  • left psychology to work in advertising
28
Q

Higher order conditoning

A
  • second order conditioning
  • classical conditioning with an extra conditoned stimulus
  • a new neutral stimulus becomes associated with the conditioned stimulus
29
Q

Extinction

A
  • a process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the CS repeatedly without pairing it with the UCS
  • pairing without reinforcement of the US will break the association
30
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

-a stimulus response that recurs without any obvious reason after a stimulus response has been extinguished

31
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • every behavior has consequence

- operant conditioning

32
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

-a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences

33
Q

Consequences

A

-a result or effect of an action or condition

34
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A
  • another name for operant conditioning

- Skinnerian conditioning

35
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • law of effect

- puzzle box

36
Q

Law of effect

A
  • Edward Thorndike

- any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated

37
Q

Trial and error

A

-attempting various methods until finding one that is effective

38
Q

Superstitious behaviors

A

-actions that are only incidentally tied to good results

39
Q

Reinforcing stimulus (reinforcement)

A
  • a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring again
  • hug, payment, praise
40
Q

Punishing stimulus (punishment)

A
  • a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occuring again
  • slap, phone confiscated, traffic ticket
41
Q

Primary reinforcement

A
  • reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a primal, biological need
  • food, drink, pleasure
42
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A
  • conditioned reinforcement
  • learned through association
  • money is not inherently valuable but it buys things that are
43
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

-adding pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

44
Q

Positive punishment

A

-adding an aversive stimulus to reduce behavior

45
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

-removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior

46
Q

Negative punishment

A

-removing pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior

47
Q

Escape conditioning

A
  • operant conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus
  • jumping over a barrier to avoid getting shocked by an electric floor
48
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A
  • Skinner developed a series of principles called the schedules of reinforcement
  • These systematic consequences reinforced behavior that was increasingly close to the desired behavior.
  • Rewarding correct steps to ensure that the behavior occurs.
49
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A
  • similar to escape conditioning but includes a CS and is preventative in nature
  • a tone (CS) sounding every time before a rat gets shocked, causing the rat to move when the tone goes off to avoid getting shocked
50
Q

Operant conditioning chamber

A
  • Skinner box
  • designed to train research animals
  • placed hungry animals in the chamber using their existing behaviors as a basis for training them to do specific tasks
51
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A
  • occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced
  • rats getting food every time they press a lever
52
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A
  • not reinforcing a response every time. This results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction.
  • ratio schedules, interval schedules, variable reinforcement, fixed reinforcement

AP Psych (20 decks)

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