SAFMEDs Chapter 9: Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards
1
Q
Shaping
A
- shaping one’s behavior using rewards in order to achieve desired behavior
2
Q
Successive approximations
A
- steps towards a target goal.
- rewarded in order to reinforce the behavior
3
Q
Chaining
A
-linking learned behaviors to create more complex behavior
4
Q
Ratio schedules
A
- behavior dependent
- can be fixed or variable
5
Q
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
A
- a behavior is reinforced after “n” behaviors
- buy five frozen yogurts get the sixth one free
6
Q
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
A
- behavior is reinforced after a variavle number of behaviors
- most powerful reinforcement schedule
- Gambling
7
Q
Learning
A
-relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from experience or practice
8
Q
Behaviorists
A
- learning theorists
- adherent to the behavioral perspective
- John Locke
- John Watson
9
Q
John Locke
A
- father of liberalism
- tabula rasa: blank slate
- the individual we become is the result of experience
10
Q
Environmental determinism
A
- our environment shapes every aspect of who we were, are and will become
- we can change who people are by manipulating the circumstances in which they develop
11
Q
John Watson
A
- founded behaviorism
- give me a dozen healthy infants and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any kind of specialist I select
12
Q
Ivan Pavlov
A
- classical conditioning
- Pavlov’s dogs
- provided experimental support for the views of behaviorists
13
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural, involuntary response
- Pavlov’s dogs
14
Q
Neutral stimulus
A
- a stimulus that evokes no special response except to call attention to it
- Pavlov’s bell
15
Q
Associative learning
A
- learning by associating two stimuli
- ideas and experiences are linked and therefore reinforce each other
16
Q
Stimulus response learning
A
- behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response
- behavior can be learned or modified through a stimulus and response
17
Q
Acquisition
A
-the formation of a learned association
18
Q
Unconditioned Stimulus- US or UCS
A
- any stimulus that elicits an automatic/involuntary response in an organism
- food makes dogs salivate, food is UCS
19
Q
Unconditioned Response- UR or UCR
A
- a reflex or autonomic response
- salivation
20
Q
Conditioned stimulus- CS
A
- neutral stimulus paired with the US
- pairing the bell with food
21
Q
Conditioned response- CR
A
- behavior that is considered a reflec paired with CS
- salivating at the sound of the bell because it is associated with food
22
Q
Learned responses in everyday life
A
-associating songs with ads and products
23
Q
Taste aversion
A
- Garcia effect
- losing your taste for a food after having a bad experience with it
- SEAS chicken tacos
24
Q
John Garcia
A
- Garcia effect/taste aversion
- intial exposure to flavored water followed by a toxic reaction to radiation made rats averse to the water
25
Stimulus discrimination
- a response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned
- dog only responds to a platic bowl and not a metal one when conditioned with a plastic bowl
26
Stimulus generalization
- a response to another stimulus that is similar to the orginal conditioned stimulus
- dog responds with salivation regardless of the material of the bowl it was originally conditioned
27
John B. Watson
- Little albert experiment
- classical conditioning and phobias
- left psychology to work in advertising
28
Higher order conditoning
- second order conditioning
- classical conditioning with an extra conditoned stimulus
- a new neutral stimulus becomes associated with the conditioned stimulus
29
Extinction
- a process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the CS repeatedly without pairing it with the UCS
- pairing without reinforcement of the US will break the association
30
Spontaneous recovery
-a stimulus response that recurs without any obvious reason after a stimulus response has been extinguished
31
B.F. Skinner
- every behavior has consequence
| - operant conditioning
32
Operant Conditioning
-a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences
33
Consequences
-a result or effect of an action or condition
34
Instrumental conditioning
- another name for operant conditioning
| - Skinnerian conditioning
35
Edward Thorndike
- law of effect
| - puzzle box
36
Law of effect
- Edward Thorndike
| - any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated
37
Trial and error
-attempting various methods until finding one that is effective
38
Superstitious behaviors
-actions that are only incidentally tied to good results
39
Reinforcing stimulus (reinforcement)
- a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring again
- hug, payment, praise
40
Punishing stimulus (punishment)
- a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occuring again
- slap, phone confiscated, traffic ticket
41
Primary reinforcement
- reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a primal, biological need
- food, drink, pleasure
42
Secondary reinforcers
- conditioned reinforcement
- learned through association
- money is not inherently valuable but it buys things that are
43
Positive reinforcement
-adding pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
44
Positive punishment
-adding an aversive stimulus to reduce behavior
45
Negative reinforcement
-removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior
46
Negative punishment
-removing pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior
47
Escape conditioning
- operant conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus
- jumping over a barrier to avoid getting shocked by an electric floor
48
Schedules of reinforcement
- Skinner developed a series of principles called the schedules of reinforcement
- These systematic consequences reinforced behavior that was increasingly close to the desired behavior.
- Rewarding correct steps to ensure that the behavior occurs.
49
Avoidance conditioning
- similar to escape conditioning but includes a CS and is preventative in nature
- a tone (CS) sounding every time before a rat gets shocked, causing the rat to move when the tone goes off to avoid getting shocked
50
Operant conditioning chamber
- Skinner box
- designed to train research animals
- placed hungry animals in the chamber using their existing behaviors as a basis for training them to do specific tasks
51
Continuous reinforcement
- occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced
- rats getting food every time they press a lever
52
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
- not reinforcing a response every time. This results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction.
- ratio schedules, interval schedules, variable reinforcement, fixed reinforcement
