SAFMEDS Chapter 14: Emotions

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

-a complex experience that begins with a stimulus and includes physiological responses

Question 2

Emotional expressions

Answer 2

-the outward signs of what a person is feeling

Question 3

Psychoevolutionary theory of emotions

Answer 3

• Plutchik
• Identifies eight emotions that are considered primary or basic
• fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy and trust
• considered adaptive for both humans and nonhuman animals because they help to direct attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions

Question 4

Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Answer 4

• the stimulus causes subcortical brain activity in the limbic system
• emotional feeling and physiological arousal are created at the same time

Question 5

Schacter’s two-factor theory of emotions

Answer 5

-focuses on how people try to understand their states of arousal

Question 6

Stanley Schacter

Answer 6

• argued that some environmental stimulus causes physiological arousal but the arousal itself doesn’t lead directly to the emotional feeling
• a person recognizes their aarousal state and looks to the stimulus to explain it

Question 7

Psychological constructivism

Answer 7

• Barrett and Russell
• emotions are not discrete elements that can be identified in a particular part or region of the brainbut as complex perceptions constructed in the mind from the interaction of sensory imput and learned prior associations
• identifying and labeling an emotional state in the context of wide-ranging sensations from the body and external world

Question 8

Emotional intelligence

Answer 8

-the ability to recognize and label one’s own and others’ emotions accurately, to use emotional understanding in problem-solving and to manage and regulate emotions

Question 9

Emotional appraisal

Answer 9

-processes by which individuals’ cognitions about events predict their emotional reactions to those events

Question 10

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

-everything occurs automatically without conscious decision-making

Question 11

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

-arouses the body

Question 12

Facial expressions

Answer 12

• convey emotions

- Paul Ekman

Question 13

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Answer 13

• Ekman and Friesen
• a tool for measuring movement of facial muscles
• taxonomy of facial expressions
• can identify more than 5,000 distinct facial expressions

Question 14

Kinesics

Answer 14

• the study of gestures and movements during communication

- certain types of movements correspond with certain emotions

Question 15

Proxemics

Answer 15

• the srudy of the space that people place between themselves abd other
• Edward T Hall
• intimate space, personal space, social space, public space

Question 16

Paralanguage

Answer 16

• the nonlinguistic properties of speech

- high vs deep. inflection, pace, etc.

Question 17

Vocal pitch

Answer 17

• based on the number of sound wave vibrations per second

- can reflect changes in emotions

Question 18

Speech rate

Answer 18

• can indicate anger, excitement, frustration, boredom, etc

- the rate at which one speaks

Question 19

Health psychology

Answer 19

• a subfield in psychology
• uses psychological and behavioral principles to study health, illness and healthcare
• includes stress and coping

Question 20

Stress

Answer 20

-a mental and physical condition that occurs when a person encounters some demand or expectation and must adjust or adapt to the environment

Question 21

Distress

Answer 21

-negative form of stress

Question 22

Eustress

Answer 22

• positive form of stress
• positive motivating force
• pushes people to achieve and accomplish their daily and life goals
• exercise and travel

Question 23

Stressor

Answer 23

• a condition or event in the environment that challenges or threatens a person
• daily hassles, relationship troubles, financial problems

Question 24

Frustrations

Answer 24

• low intensity stressors

- having difficulty opening a jar

Question 25

External frustration

Answer 25

- a negative emotional state when outside or environmental factors prevent a person from reaching a goal - lacking the money to pay for a doctor

Question 26

Escape

Answer 26

- physically removing oneself from the source of frustration - psychologically escaping - dropping out of school - tuning out - becoming apathetic - mood altering behaviors

Question 27

Mood altering behaviors

Answer 27

``` -a form of escape using drugs or alcohol to numb feelings -taking on excessive work -overexercising -allow for the appearance of productivity but mask the emotional experiences arising from the stress ```

Question 28

Learned helplessness

Answer 28

- Martin Seligman - when events appear to be uncontrollable people come to believe they cannot overcome the obstacles that stand between them and their goals no matter how hard they try - people may become passive and withdrawn and in some cases depressed

Question 29

Hans Selye

Answer 29

-proposed the general adaptation syndrome

Question 30

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 30

- Hans Selye - three stage process that people go through in response to stressors - Alarm: the person appraises the stressors and mobilizes resources to cope - Resistance: a person tries to cope with the stressors - Exhaustion: energy is depleted, the body shuts down, th person no longer has the energy to cope

Question 31

Burnout

Answer 31

- long term repeated exposure to stressors - physical, mental, and/or emotional exhaustion - common in helping professions - the person feels "used up" and apathetic toward work - very little sense of personal accomplishment

Question 32

Stress reaction

Answer 32

- the arousal of the autonomic nervous system that occurs in response to the stressor - leads to fight or flight

Question 33

Fight or flight

Answer 33

-occurs when a person encounters something dangerous or life threatening and respond physiologically in a way that prepares them to fight or flee

Question 34

Albert Ellis

Answer 34

- argued that when people create an unrealistic view of the world based on irrational thinking stressors seem more sever and harder to manage - "awfulizing"

Question 35

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 35

- controlling or replacing the negative emotional responses to the stressor - I can stay calm even though I'm upset

Question 36

Problem-focused coping

Answer 36

- managing or fixing the distressing situation | - taking a new route when the street is blocked off

Question 37

Appraisal-focused coping

Answer 37

- attempts to reframe strssors - changing one's perceptions and assumptions about the stressors - silver lining - putting a positive spin on

Question 38

Type A personality

Answer 38

- greater risk of heart disease - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally agressive, easily angered - high levels of tension - difficulty waiting for appointments - pushed by deadlines and hate delays

Question 39

Type B personality

Answer 39

- easygoing and relaxed - very "chill" - lower stress levels - enjoy games - comfortable having experiences without focusing on winning

Question 40

Lifestyle diseases

Answer 40

- diseases relatd to or caused by health-damaging personal habits - obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease - diseases related to smoking, alcohol abuse and drug abuse

Question 41

Guided imagery

Answer 41

-visualize images that are calming, relaxing, or beneificial in other ways

Question 42

Stress inoculation

Answer 42

-using positive coping strategies to control fear and anxiety