Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 12 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • father of modern linguistics

- one of the founders of the field of cognitive science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cognition

A

-the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remebering and communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Concepts

A

-mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas or people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prototype

A

-a mental image of the best example of a specific concept or category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Critical thinking

A

-going beyond acquiring new information using concepts, prototypes abd other cognitive activities to develop opinions and beliefs about that information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Jane Haloen

A
  • psychologist

- critical thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Creativity

A
  • the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas within any discipline
  • art, music, architecture, mathematics, science and engineering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Convergent thinking

A
  • a type of thinking in which a question invites only one correct answer
  • limits creativity
  • Ex: multiple choice questions- only one answer is correct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • when a question or problem can have several or many possible responses
  • Ex: how can you use a paperclip? what should i do next?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metacognition

A

-the active control and awareness of our own thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Trial and error

A

-a process by which we try out different solutions until we find one that works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Algorithms

A

-a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem because it explores every possibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Heuristics

A
  • “rules of thumb”
  • simple thinking strategy that allows us to solve problems efficiently
  • the shortcuts present may lead to incorrect outcomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Insight

A

-a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A
  • documented the insight method of problem solving by studying chimps trying to get bananas that were out of reach
  • the chimps originally got frustrated and were unproductive then they suddenly realized they could stack the boxes to reach the bananas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intuition

A
  • what we know without knowing how we know it

- effortless, immediate, automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mindset

A
  • mental approach to problems and issues

- often connected to the psychological construct of intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Growth mindset

A
  • the belief that humans are able to improve and grow

- people CAN change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fixed mindset

A
  • the conclusion that change is unattainable

- people CANT change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cognitive biases

A

-ways of thinking that veer us away from strictly rational conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

-the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

22
Q

Fixation

A

-the inability to see or define a problem from a fresh point of view

23
Q

Functional fixedness

A

-fixation applied to attempts to solve novel problems

24
Q

Mental set

A
  • a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
  • related to fixation
  • often a way that has been successful in the past
  • that’s the way we’ve always done it
25
Representativeness heuristic
- a mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities - When we're trying to assess how likely a certain event is, we often make our decision by assessing how similar it is to an existing mental prototype - misjudging a new acquaintance or blind date
26
Availability heuristic
- estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory - if instances come readily to mind we presume the events are common
27
Overconfidence
- the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgements - we often think we are more correct than we are
28
Self serving bias
- a problem-solving barrier resulting from evaluating ourselves in an overly favorable manner - Ex: we think we did well on a test bc we're smart but poorly bc the teacher did not prepare us
29
Belief perseverance
- clinging to our initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited - can be denial
30
Cognitive dissonance
- finding a seemingly reasonable but actually false explanation for the evidence presented - rationalizing, ignoring and even denying evidence in order to justify core belief
31
Justification of effort
-cognitive dissonance occurs because we need to justify our struggles
32
Framing
- the process of presenting or posing an issue or question | - how an issue is framed can influence the outcome
33
Risk or loss aversion
-the tendency of people to prefer avoiding losses to achieving equivalent gains
34
Anchoring effect
-a cognitive bias favoring the first information offered
35
Linguistics
-the scientific study of language
36
Phoneme
- the smallest distinct sound unit in a language | - english uses about 40 phonemes
37
Morpheme
- the smallest unit that carries some meaning | - ex: prefix
38
Grammar
-a set of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
39
Syntax
-determines the rules for combining or arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences
40
Semantics
-the set of rules by which we derive meaning
41
Pragmatics
-knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations
42
Babbling stage
- the first stage of language skills - occurs around 4 months of age - the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously vocalizes various sounds at first unrelated to the language spoken at home - ba ba, da da
43
One-word stage
- typically takes place between ages one and two - a child speaks mostly in single words - holophrastic stage
44
Two-word stage
- age 2 - child speaks mostly 2 or 3 word statements - telegraphic speech
45
Telegraphic speech
- child's speech is like a telegram | - mostly uses nouns and verbs
46
Overgeneralization
-the application of grammar rules in instances which they do not apply
47
Sentences stage
- ages 6-10 | - 80% of the language a person will know
48
Language Acquistion device (LAD)
- Noam Chomsky | - all people have an inborn capacity to learn the language with which they are raised
49
Statistical learning
babies observe where breaks and pauses are in speech and what syllables go with other syllables to "extract the structure" of language
50
Linguistic determinism
- Benjamin Lee Whorf | - the language one uses dtermines the way one thinks and one's view of the world
51
Linguistic relativity
- Sapir-Whorf - language and thought have influences on each other - the language influences how one thinks and vice versa but language does not determine thought

AP Psych (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions