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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 12 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • father of modern linguistics

- one of the founders of the field of cognitive science

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2
Q

Cognition

A

-the mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remebering and communicating

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3
Q

Concepts

A

-mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas or people

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4
Q

Prototype

A

-a mental image of the best example of a specific concept or category

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5
Q

Critical thinking

A

-going beyond acquiring new information using concepts, prototypes abd other cognitive activities to develop opinions and beliefs about that information

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6
Q

Jane Haloen

A
  • psychologist

- critical thinking

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7
Q

Creativity

A
  • the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas within any discipline
  • art, music, architecture, mathematics, science and engineering
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8
Q

Convergent thinking

A
  • a type of thinking in which a question invites only one correct answer
  • limits creativity
  • Ex: multiple choice questions- only one answer is correct
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9
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • when a question or problem can have several or many possible responses
  • Ex: how can you use a paperclip? what should i do next?
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10
Q

Metacognition

A

-the active control and awareness of our own thinking

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11
Q

Trial and error

A

-a process by which we try out different solutions until we find one that works

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12
Q

Algorithms

A

-a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem because it explores every possibility

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13
Q

Heuristics

A
  • “rules of thumb”
  • simple thinking strategy that allows us to solve problems efficiently
  • the shortcuts present may lead to incorrect outcomes
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14
Q

Insight

A

-a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem

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15
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A
  • documented the insight method of problem solving by studying chimps trying to get bananas that were out of reach
  • the chimps originally got frustrated and were unproductive then they suddenly realized they could stack the boxes to reach the bananas
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16
Q

Intuition

A
  • what we know without knowing how we know it

- effortless, immediate, automatic

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17
Q

Mindset

A
  • mental approach to problems and issues

- often connected to the psychological construct of intelligence

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18
Q

Growth mindset

A
  • the belief that humans are able to improve and grow

- people CAN change

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19
Q

Fixed mindset

A
  • the conclusion that change is unattainable

- people CANT change

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20
Q

Cognitive biases

A

-ways of thinking that veer us away from strictly rational conclusions

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21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

-the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

22
Q

Fixation

A

-the inability to see or define a problem from a fresh point of view

23
Q

Functional fixedness

A

-fixation applied to attempts to solve novel problems

24
Q

Mental set

A
  • a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
  • related to fixation
  • often a way that has been successful in the past
  • that’s the way we’ve always done it
25
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A
  • a mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities
  • When we’re trying to assess how likely a certain event is, we often make our decision by assessing how similar it is to an existing mental prototype
  • misjudging a new acquaintance or blind date
26
Q

Availability heuristic

A
  • estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
  • if instances come readily to mind we presume the events are common
27
Q

Overconfidence

A
  • the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgements
  • we often think we are more correct than we are
28
Q

Self serving bias

A
  • a problem-solving barrier resulting from evaluating ourselves in an overly favorable manner
  • Ex: we think we did well on a test bc we’re smart but poorly bc the teacher did not prepare us
29
Q

Belief perseverance

A
  • clinging to our initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
  • can be denial
30
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A
  • finding a seemingly reasonable but actually false explanation for the evidence presented
  • rationalizing, ignoring and even denying evidence in order to justify core belief
31
Q

Justification of effort

A

-cognitive dissonance occurs because we need to justify our struggles

32
Q

Framing

A
  • the process of presenting or posing an issue or question

- how an issue is framed can influence the outcome

33
Q

Risk or loss aversion

A

-the tendency of people to prefer avoiding losses to achieving equivalent gains

34
Q

Anchoring effect

A

-a cognitive bias favoring the first information offered

35
Q

Linguistics

A

-the scientific study of language

36
Q

Phoneme

A
  • the smallest distinct sound unit in a language

- english uses about 40 phonemes

37
Q

Morpheme

A
  • the smallest unit that carries some meaning

- ex: prefix

38
Q

Grammar

A

-a set of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

39
Q

Syntax

A

-determines the rules for combining or arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences

40
Q

Semantics

A

-the set of rules by which we derive meaning

41
Q

Pragmatics

A

-knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations

42
Q

Babbling stage

A
  • the first stage of language skills
  • occurs around 4 months of age
  • the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously vocalizes various sounds at first unrelated to the language spoken at home
  • ba ba, da da
43
Q

One-word stage

A
  • typically takes place between ages one and two
  • a child speaks mostly in single words
  • holophrastic stage
44
Q

Two-word stage

A
  • age 2
  • child speaks mostly 2 or 3 word statements
  • telegraphic speech
45
Q

Telegraphic speech

A
  • child’s speech is like a telegram

- mostly uses nouns and verbs

46
Q

Overgeneralization

A

-the application of grammar rules in instances which they do not apply

47
Q

Sentences stage

A
  • ages 6-10

- 80% of the language a person will know

48
Q

Language Acquistion device (LAD)

A
  • Noam Chomsky

- all people have an inborn capacity to learn the language with which they are raised

49
Q

Statistical learning

A

babies observe where breaks and pauses are in speech and what syllables go with other syllables to “extract the structure” of language

50
Q

Linguistic determinism

A
  • Benjamin Lee Whorf

- the language one uses dtermines the way one thinks and one’s view of the world

51
Q

Linguistic relativity

A
  • Sapir-Whorf
  • language and thought have influences on each other
  • the language influences how one thinks and vice versa but language does not determine thought

AP Psych (20 decks)

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