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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 11 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

-learning that has continued over time

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2
Q

Information processing model

A
  • general model of memory
  • three step process
  • receive, rehearsal, retrieval
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3
Q

Rehearsal

A
  • the role of repetition in the retention of memories

- repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

-recalling stored memories

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5
Q

Parallel Processing

A
  • dual processing
  • interpreting numerous events and stimuli at the same time
  • you filter in relevant information and filter out irrelevant information
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6
Q

Multi-store model

A
  • Richard Atkinson and richard Shiffrin
  • three stages
  • sensory memory, short-term memory, long term memory
  • currently accepted model of memory
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7
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • sensory register
  • takes a few seconds at most
  • processing everything we sense
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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

-fleeting visual images in sensory memory

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

-fleeting auditory signals in sensory memory

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10
Q

Selective or focused attention

A

-when we voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs

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11
Q

Selective hearing

A
  • selective attention auditory edition

- example: not noticing that someone is talking to you because you are watching tv

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12
Q

Cocktail party effect

A
  • hearing your name in a large gathering even if it is spoken across the room
  • selective attention
  • we are able to filter out nearly everything except what is important to us
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13
Q

Short term memory (STM)

A
  • memory is stored for up to 30 seconds in short term memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model)
  • mental scratch pad
  • very sensitive and vulnerable to interruption and interference
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14
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

A
  • final stage
  • memory can be stored indefinetly
  • dependent on relative importance to the individual
  • stimuli must be encoded to form long term memory
  • broken into three kinds of memories: episodic, semantic, procedural
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15
Q

Encoding

A
  • taking stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form that the brain can understand and use
  • comparing new info to info already learned
  • if stimuli are not encoded they will be forgotten
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16
Q

Episodic memories

A
  • the stories of our lives and the experiences we can recall and tell to someone else
  • recounting something that happened to you or someone else
  • omg last week I went to the store and I ran into…
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17
Q

Semantic memories

A
  • impersonal memories not drawn from personal experience
  • common knowledge
  • names of colors, names of states, facts
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18
Q

Procedural memories

A
  • memories of how to do something

- how to ride a bike, tie your shoes, bake cookies

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19
Q

Automatic processing

A
  • affects the brain’s ability to handle different stimuli at once
  • information processing of well learned activities that occurs unconsciously
  • bending your knees and holding the sheet while focusing on moving the patient
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20
Q

Implicit memories

A
  • memories we rretain without conscious effort and often without our awareness
  • unconsciously retrieved
  • automatic parallel processing
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21
Q

Priming

A
  • using cues to activate hidden memories

- previous stimuli influence how people react to subsequent stimuli

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22
Q

Effortful processing

A

-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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23
Q

Explicit memory

A
  • past knowledge that is consciously brought to mind
  • recalling multiplication facts
  • you had to make a conscious effort to learn the information
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24
Q

Declarative memory

A
  • explicit memories

- facts we consciously know and can declare

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25
Q

Nondeclarative memory

A

-implicit memories

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26
Q

Working memory

A
  • short term memory
  • limitation of memory it can retain
  • limitation of time in which the information can be recalled- ten to twenty seconds
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27
Q

Memory span

A

-the number of items a person can remeber and repeat back using attention and short term memory

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28
Q

Digit span

A

-the longest list of numbers that can be remebered and repreated back

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29
Q

George Miller

A
  • magic number 7 plus or minus two

- amount of meaningful information bits one can hold in short-term memory

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30
Q

Chunking

A

-combining or grouping bits of related information to increase the amount of information stored in STM

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31
Q

Maitenance rehearsal

A
  • repeating information to prolong its presence in STM

- can increase STM recall to thirty seconds

32
Q

Shallow processing

A

-trying to learn ideas on a superficial level, only memorizing

33
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A
  • linking new information with existing memories and knowledge in the LTM
  • making new information meaningful helps us remeber it more effectively
34
Q

Deep processing

A
  • elaborative rehearsal along with meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned
  • ex: mind map
35
Q

Recognition

A

-the correct identification of previously learned material

36
Q

Recall

A

-the direct retrieval of facts or information

37
Q

Prospective memory

A
  • memory of the future
  • one recalls or remembers something to do in the future
  • ex: remebering you need to take the garbage out before leaving
38
Q

Memory reconstruction

A

-an approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it

39
Q

Pseudo-memories

A

-false memories that a person believes to be true

40
Q

State-dependent memory

A
  • memory retrieval that is most effective when individuals are in the same state of consciousness
  • using caffeine while studying and taking a test
41
Q

Mood-dependent memory

A

-the recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired

42
Q

Context dependent memory

A

-the recall of information while in the same context or environment in which it was acquired

43
Q

Tip of the tongue state

A

-the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

44
Q

Serial position effect

A

-a phenomenon that occurs when people recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the items in the middle

45
Q

Primacy effect

A

-the tendency of the first item to be remebered best

46
Q

Recency effect

A

-the tendency to remember the most recently presented items best

47
Q

Relearning

A
  • learning something you have previously learned

- reduces learning time

48
Q

Savings score

A

-the amount of time saved when relearning information

49
Q

Eidetic memory

A

-visual images clear enough to be retained for at least thirty seconds and relaistic in their vividness

50
Q

Exceptional memories

A

-ability that allows people to remember events with great precision

51
Q

Savant syndrome

A
  • prodigious memories

- a condition where prodigious memory and talent can co-occur with developmental conditions

52
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • a lasting strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmissions
  • currently believed to be a biological basis for learning and memory in mammals
53
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • where most LTP occurs

- associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short term memory into long term explicit memory

54
Q

Amygdala

A
  • the primary processor of emotional reactions and social and sexual behavior
  • regulates the sense of smell
55
Q

Cerebellum

A

-responsible for procedural memories such as how to tie your shoes

56
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • plays an important role in memory retrieval and procedural memory
  • key for creating and maintaining habits
57
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

-forgetting events that occured before an injury or trauma

58
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • hippocampus is damaged
  • inability to create long term memories
  • person is forced to live in the present
59
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A
  • the first to conduct experimental studies on memory
  • memorizing unrelated sets of syllables
  • forgetting curve
60
Q

Learning curve

A

-as experience increases learning increases

61
Q

Forgetting curve

A

-the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it

62
Q

Encoding failure

A
  • occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place
  • in one ear out the other
  • cannot learn or recall what we do not preceive or attend to
63
Q

Memory cues

A

-cues that enhance the retrieval of a memory

64
Q

Trace decay theory

A
  • the more we practice or rehearse a bit of information the stronger the memory trace becomes
  • if you don’t use it you’ll lose it
65
Q

Memory traces

A

-physical changes that occur in nerve cells or brain activity when memories are stored

66
Q

Interference theory

A
  • theory of forgetting

- there are two ways to interfere with the creation of new memories: retroactive and proactive interference

67
Q

Retroactive interference

A
  • new memories impair retrieval of older memories

- retroactive=recent

68
Q

Proactive interference

A
  • older memories impair retrieval of newer memories

- Proactive=previous

69
Q

Repression

A
  • the pushing of painful, embarassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness
  • motivated forgetting
70
Q

Suppression

A

-a conscious process of deliberately trying to forget something that causes distress

71
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

-vivid and detailed meories people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events

72
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A
  • found that memories were not always accurate but constructed after the fact
  • did a study on how memory can change after information is shared with eyewitnesses after an event
  • memory construction, false memories, memories are malleable
73
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • new information alters the way previous information is held in memory
  • What color glasses was the robber wearing? (was never wearing glasses, leading questions)
74
Q

Source amnesia

A

-the inability to remeber the source of a memory while retaining its substance

75
Q

Positive transfer

A

-when mastery of one task aids learning or performing another

76
Q

Negative transfer

A

-when mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another

AP Psych (20 decks)

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