SAFMEDs Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Memory
A
-learning that has continued over time
2
Q
Information processing model
A
- general model of memory
- three step process
- receive, rehearsal, retrieval
3
Q
Rehearsal
A
- the role of repetition in the retention of memories
- repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory
4
Q
Retrieval
A
-recalling stored memories
5
Q
Parallel Processing
A
- dual processing
- interpreting numerous events and stimuli at the same time
- you filter in relevant information and filter out irrelevant information
6
Q
Multi-store model
A
- Richard Atkinson and richard Shiffrin
- three stages
- sensory memory, short-term memory, long term memory
- currently accepted model of memory
7
Q
Sensory memory
A
- sensory register
- takes a few seconds at most
- processing everything we sense
8
Q
Iconic memory
A
-fleeting visual images in sensory memory
9
Q
Echoic memory
A
-fleeting auditory signals in sensory memory
10
Q
Selective or focused attention
A
-when we voluntarily focus on a portion of our sensory input while ignoring other inputs
11
Q
Selective hearing
A
- selective attention auditory edition
- example: not noticing that someone is talking to you because you are watching tv
12
Q
Cocktail party effect
A
- hearing your name in a large gathering even if it is spoken across the room
- selective attention
- we are able to filter out nearly everything except what is important to us
13
Q
Short term memory (STM)
A
- memory is stored for up to 30 seconds in short term memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model)
- mental scratch pad
- very sensitive and vulnerable to interruption and interference
14
Q
Long term memory (LTM)
A
- final stage
- memory can be stored indefinetly
- dependent on relative importance to the individual
- stimuli must be encoded to form long term memory
- broken into three kinds of memories: episodic, semantic, procedural
15
Q
Encoding
A
- taking stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form that the brain can understand and use
- comparing new info to info already learned
- if stimuli are not encoded they will be forgotten
16
Q
Episodic memories
A
- the stories of our lives and the experiences we can recall and tell to someone else
- recounting something that happened to you or someone else
- omg last week I went to the store and I ran into…
17
Q
Semantic memories
A
- impersonal memories not drawn from personal experience
- common knowledge
- names of colors, names of states, facts
18
Q
Procedural memories
A
- memories of how to do something
- how to ride a bike, tie your shoes, bake cookies
19
Q
Automatic processing
A
- affects the brain’s ability to handle different stimuli at once
- information processing of well learned activities that occurs unconsciously
- bending your knees and holding the sheet while focusing on moving the patient
20
Q
Implicit memories
A
- memories we rretain without conscious effort and often without our awareness
- unconsciously retrieved
- automatic parallel processing
21
Q
Priming
A
- using cues to activate hidden memories
- previous stimuli influence how people react to subsequent stimuli
22
Q
Effortful processing
A
-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
23
Q
Explicit memory
A
- past knowledge that is consciously brought to mind
- recalling multiplication facts
- you had to make a conscious effort to learn the information
24
Q
Declarative memory
A
- explicit memories
- facts we consciously know and can declare
25
Nondeclarative memory
-implicit memories
26
Working memory
- short term memory
- limitation of memory it can retain
- limitation of time in which the information can be recalled- ten to twenty seconds
27
Memory span
-the number of items a person can remeber and repeat back using attention and short term memory
28
Digit span
-the longest list of numbers that can be remebered and repreated back
29
George Miller
- magic number 7 plus or minus two
| - amount of meaningful information bits one can hold in short-term memory
30
Chunking
-combining or grouping bits of related information to increase the amount of information stored in STM
31
Maitenance rehearsal
- repeating information to prolong its presence in STM
| - can increase STM recall to thirty seconds
32
Shallow processing
-trying to learn ideas on a superficial level, only memorizing
33
Elaborative rehearsal
- linking new information with existing memories and knowledge in the LTM
- making new information meaningful helps us remeber it more effectively
34
Deep processing
- elaborative rehearsal along with meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned
- ex: mind map
35
Recognition
-the correct identification of previously learned material
36
Recall
-the direct retrieval of facts or information
37
Prospective memory
- memory of the future
- one recalls or remembers something to do in the future
- ex: remebering you need to take the garbage out before leaving
38
Memory reconstruction
-an approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it
39
Pseudo-memories
-false memories that a person believes to be true
40
State-dependent memory
- memory retrieval that is most effective when individuals are in the same state of consciousness
- using caffeine while studying and taking a test
41
Mood-dependent memory
-the recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired
42
Context dependent memory
-the recall of information while in the same context or environment in which it was acquired
43
Tip of the tongue state
-the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
44
Serial position effect
-a phenomenon that occurs when people recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the items in the middle
45
Primacy effect
-the tendency of the first item to be remebered best
46
Recency effect
-the tendency to remember the most recently presented items best
47
Relearning
- learning something you have previously learned
| - reduces learning time
48
Savings score
-the amount of time saved when relearning information
49
Eidetic memory
-visual images clear enough to be retained for at least thirty seconds and relaistic in their vividness
50
Exceptional memories
-ability that allows people to remember events with great precision
51
Savant syndrome
- prodigious memories
| - a condition where prodigious memory and talent can co-occur with developmental conditions
52
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
- a lasting strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmissions
- currently believed to be a biological basis for learning and memory in mammals
53
Hippocampus
- where most LTP occurs
| - associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short term memory into long term explicit memory
54
Amygdala
- the primary processor of emotional reactions and social and sexual behavior
- regulates the sense of smell
55
Cerebellum
-responsible for procedural memories such as how to tie your shoes
56
Basal ganglia
- plays an important role in memory retrieval and procedural memory
- key for creating and maintaining habits
57
Retrograde amnesia
-forgetting events that occured before an injury or trauma
58
Anterograde amnesia
- hippocampus is damaged
- inability to create long term memories
- person is forced to live in the present
59
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- the first to conduct experimental studies on memory
- memorizing unrelated sets of syllables
- forgetting curve
60
Learning curve
-as experience increases learning increases
61
Forgetting curve
-the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it
62
Encoding failure
- occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place
- in one ear out the other
- cannot learn or recall what we do not preceive or attend to
63
Memory cues
-cues that enhance the retrieval of a memory
64
Trace decay theory
- the more we practice or rehearse a bit of information the stronger the memory trace becomes
- if you don't use it you'll lose it
65
Memory traces
-physical changes that occur in nerve cells or brain activity when memories are stored
66
Interference theory
- theory of forgetting
| - there are two ways to interfere with the creation of new memories: retroactive and proactive interference
67
Retroactive interference
- new memories impair retrieval of older memories
| - retroactive=recent
68
Proactive interference
- older memories impair retrieval of newer memories
| - Proactive=previous
69
Repression
- the pushing of painful, embarassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness
- motivated forgetting
70
Suppression
-a conscious process of deliberately trying to forget something that causes distress
71
Flashbulb memories
-vivid and detailed meories people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
72
Elizabeth Loftus
- found that memories were not always accurate but constructed after the fact
- did a study on how memory can change after information is shared with eyewitnesses after an event
- memory construction, false memories, memories are malleable
73
Misinformation effect
- new information alters the way previous information is held in memory
- What color glasses was the robber wearing? (was never wearing glasses, leading questions)
74
Source amnesia
-the inability to remeber the source of a memory while retaining its substance
75
Positive transfer
-when mastery of one task aids learning or performing another
76
Negative transfer
-when mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another
