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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Ch 8 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Ch 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Activation-synthesis dream theory

A
  • dreams come from a purely physiological/biological point of view
  • pons sends signals to the cerebral cortex creating what we perceive as dreams
  • dreams are meaningless, there is nothing to interpret
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2
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

-hypnosis is an induced altered state of consciousness that heightens a person’s suggestibility-openess to responding to suggestion

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3
Q

Alpha waves

A
  • between 7 and 12 Hz

- relaxed, ready for sleep

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4
Q

Beta waves

A
  • between 15 and 30 Hz

- awake, alert, anxious

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5
Q

Anhedonia

A
  • the result of the stop of dopamine production

- the inability to feel pleasure physically

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6
Q

Biological rhythm

A
  • human body experiences
  • not always detected by our conscious awareness
  • changes in body temperature, hormone levels, energy levels
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7
Q

Chronobiology

A

-the study of various temporal biological rhythms

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8
Q

Circadian rhythm disruption

A
  • an out of synce sleep/wake cycle

- can occur due to jet lag

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9
Q

Conscious awareness

A

-all the sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings you are aware of at any given moment

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10
Q

Consciousness

A

-our state of awareness of our experience, sensations, thoughts and environment

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11
Q

Delta waves

A
  • slow waves
  • Up to 4 Hz
  • deep sleep
  • stage 3 of NREM
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12
Q

Disinhibitor

A
  • Something that causes a reduction in one’s inhibitions
  • makes people, or animals act more impulsively
  • alcohol
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13
Q

Dissociation theory

A

-the hypnotic state divides the higher executive functions of the brain, including a “hidden observer” or second part of the mind that keeps the mind aware during hypnosis

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14
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • measures electrical currents produced in the brain as brain cells communicate with each other
  • records currents as a visual tacing called an encephalogram
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15
Q

Diurnal

A

-creatures that stay awake during the day and sleep at night

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16
Q

Dissociative state

A

-an altered state of divided consciousness

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17
Q

Dreams

A

-all images, events, sounds and other sensations experienced during sleep

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18
Q

Dualism

A

-the theory that the mental and the physical – or mind and body or mind and brain – are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing

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19
Q

Hypnosis

A

-an induced altered state of consciousness that heightens a person’s suggestiblity-openess to responding to suggestion- without losing his or her sense of self or control

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20
Q

Hypnotic susceptibility

A

-the degree to which an individual is able to enter into hypnosis

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21
Q

Information-processing dream theory

A
  • explains dreams as the brain’s attempts to make sense of what we encounter during thr day
  • dreams are one way we actively process and analyze information rather than just respond to stimuli
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22
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

-a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm

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23
Q

Jet lag

A

-an out of sync sleep/wake cycle due to traveling across several time zones

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24
Q

K-complex

A

-large, high voltage waves that often appear in response to outside stimuli as sounds

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25
Q

Insomnia

A
  • the inability to fall asleep ot stay asleep
  • may be acute or chronic
  • can be caused by underlying medical or psychiatric conditions, stress, emotional or physical discomfort, stimulant and disruptions to the normal sleep cycle
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26
Q

Latent content

A

-what the dream content actually represented

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27
Q

Manifest content

A
  • what we recall from the story line of our dreams
  • symbolic of something deeper within the unconscious
  • symbolic of repressed desires
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28
Q

Materialism

A
  • either matter or energy or matter and energy are all that can exist
  • all phenomena are matter, energy or the interaction of the two
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29
Q

Melatonin

A
  • sleep hormone
  • released by the pineal gland
  • increases naturally at night
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30
Q

Microsleep

A
  • a breif shift in brain activity from to sleeping brain waves
  • Last from half-second to thirty seconds
  • lose consciousness and are unaware of our surroundings
  • nodding of the head, drooping eyelids, constant blinking, blank stare, difficulty concentrating
  • we are unaware that it occured
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31
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • a disorder in which a person falls in REM sleep during waking hours
  • sudden sleep episodes
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32
Q

Night terrors

A
  • extreme episodes that occur during NREM stage 3
  • sweating, agitation, dilated pupils
  • children will often scream before falling back to sleep
  • details are often vague and not remembered at all
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33
Q

Nightmare

A

-dreams occuring in REM that have distrurbing content

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34
Q

Nocturnal

A

-awake during the day, asleep at night

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35
Q

Nonconscious

A
  • all the various biological processes that are taking place internally and constantly without you noticing
  • breathing, digestion
36
Q

NREM sleep

A
  • non-REM sleep

- nondreaming stage

37
Q

Paradoxical stage

A
  • REM sleep

- brain waves move as if we are awake during sleep

38
Q

Post-hypnotic suggestion

A

-encouraging a client to respond to desired outcomes

39
Q

Preconscious

A

-information stored about yourself or your environment that you are not currently aware or thinking of but can easily call to mind when asked

40
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

-the field of study that examines changes induced by drugs in mood, thinking and behavior

41
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A

-brain waves increase in frequency and operate as if we are awake

42
Q

REM paralysis

A
  • the brain waves move as if we are awake
  • the brain stem acts to block communication between the cerebral cortex and motor neurons so our bodies remain still during dreams
43
Q

REM sleep

A
  • during the initial perriod of stage 3 our brain waves increase in frequency taking us back to stage two and then REM
  • also known as paradoxical stage
  • brain waves move as if we are awake
44
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A
  • The person is not motionless or “paralyzed” during REM sleep
  • People can physically act out dream behavior
  • Punching, kicking, jumping from bed, talking, laughing, shouting
45
Q

Sleep apnea

A

-a condition in which breathig stops and starts repeatedly during sleep

46
Q

Sleep deprivation

A
  • memory impairment and moodiness

- associated with overeating and the consumption of unhealthy foods

47
Q

Sleep spindles

A

-slower-paced waves with spikes comparable to the low amplitude theta waves of Stage 1

48
Q

Sleep stages

A
  • Stages 1 to 3 are what’s considered non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, also known as quiet sleep.
  • Stage 4 is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, also known as active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
49
Q

Sleep talking

A
  • associated with sleep spindles

- talking while asleep

50
Q

Sleepwalking

A
  • somnambulism

- occurs in NREM stage 3 (deep sleep)

51
Q

Sleep-deprivation psychosis

A

-breaks from reality due to a persistent lack of sleep

52
Q

Slow wave sleep

A
  • stage 3

- the sleep spindles and k-complexes of stage 2 begin to appear

53
Q

Social influence theory of hypnosis

A
  • the human desire to be viewed favorably

- hypnosis was not an altered state of consciousness but rather people acting out the role expected of them

54
Q

State of suggestibility

A

-makes someone more able to respond positively to recommendations

55
Q

Subconscious

A
  • information you have been exposed to but cannot recall

- can influence behavior

56
Q

Suggestibility

A

-openess to responding to suggestion without losing his or her sense of self or control

57
Q

Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A
  • “master clock”
  • as daylight lessens the rods/cones inthe cornea detect lower light levels and the ganglion cells in the retina communicate with the Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
58
Q

Theta waves

A
  • high-frequency/low amplitude waves
  • between 4 and 7 Hz
  • present in stages 1 and 2 or NREM sleep
59
Q

Ultradian rhythm

A
  • occurs in a shorter time than a day but longer than an hour
  • blood circulation, blinkinh of the eyes
  • bowel regulation
60
Q

Waking consciousness

A

-your normal, alert awareness that includes your working memory

61
Q

Alcohol

A
  • slows neural processing
  • impairs physical activity
  • reduces activity in the prefrontal cortex (responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgements)
  • reduces self awareness
  • impairs memory
62
Q

Agonists

A

-receptos on cell surfaces to support an action

63
Q

Amphetamines

A
  • drugs used to increase wakefulness
  • enhances cognitive performance
  • used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy and weight gain
  • increases the concentration of dopamine in brain synapses
  • increases metabolisma and mental clarity
  • high potential for abuse
64
Q

Antagonists

A

-block receptor sites on cell surfaces to supress an action

65
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • antianxiety drugs
  • slow the central nervous system
  • muscle relaxation and sedation
  • depresses heartbeat and nreathing
  • can be lethal in overdose
66
Q

Caffeine

A
  • the most used drug in the world
  • affects adenosine: neuromodulator that has receptors to slow a person down
  • adenosine-receptor antagonist
67
Q

Cocaine

A
  • illegal substance
  • blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
  • dopamine dependency
  • immediate rush that leads to a crash
68
Q

Depressants

A
  • lower neural activity
  • slows body functioning
  • can cause dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological addiction
  • Examples: alcohol and barbiturates
69
Q

Drug tolerance

A
  • the need for increasing amounts of the drug to experience the same effects the brainwould normally produce on its own
  • the impact of the drug lessens over time requiring increasing doses to achieve the same effect
70
Q

Hallucinogens/psychedelics

A

-drugs that cause hallucinations and distort perceptions of reality

71
Q

Impulse control

A

-the frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgements about what to do and not to do

72
Q

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

A
  • A hallucinogen
  • Visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations
  • The oxygen deprivation leads many users to have a “near death” experience
  • Can cause physiological dependence/tolerance and psychological dependence
73
Q

Marijuana

A
  • Cannabis
  • The leaves, stems, resin and flowers from the hemp plant
  • Lowers inhibitions and produces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria
  • THC is the active ingredient
  • Increased auditort and visual perceptions
  • The “bliss molecule” (neurotransmitter anandamide) binds to the THC receptors
74
Q

Methamphetamine

A
  • An illegal substance
  • Super stimulant
  • Used as a recreational drug and not prescribes medicallt
  • Methylated twice, making it faster acting, more potent, and more dangerous
  • Ecstasy is a type of methamphetamine
75
Q

Nicotine

A

-imitates acetycholine
0receptors connect to the reward center in the brain
-increases dopamine
-addictive

76
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

-a proces whereby neurons increase or decrease the production of neurotransmitters in response to the chemicals ingested

77
Q

Opiates

A
  • reduce neurotransmission
  • temporarily lessens pain and anxiety
  • reduces GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows the release of dopamine in the nucleus)
78
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A
  • drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
79
Q

Psychological dependence

A
  • when drugs that reduce stres become an increasingly important part of a user’s life
  • emotional-mental withdrawal
  • “self medication” is necessary to cope with negative emotions
80
Q

Sedatives

A
  • lower neural activity

- slows body functioning

81
Q

Stimulants

A

-Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
-speed up the body’s functions
-provide users with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness,
and forced wakefulness
-can cause dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, psychological addiction, irreversible changes in mood

82
Q

Tolerance

A
  • the need for increasing amounts of the drug to experience the same effects the brainwould normally produce on its own
  • the impact of the drug lessens over time requiring increasing doses to achieve the same effect
83
Q

Tranquilizers

A
  • type of sedative
  • reduces anxiety
  • induces sleep
84
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A
  • a set of symptoms associated with discontinuing a drug
  • reverses neuroadaptation
  • cravings, tremors, anxiety, depression, seizures, death
85
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • saw dreams as a method of reaching into the unconscious mind
  • dreams might represent a form of wish-fulfillment by the unconscious mind
  • the go protects us from open conflict, impulses can be explored in the safe place (dreams)
86
Q

William James

A
  • famous for helping to found psychology as a formal discipline
  • saw consciousness as a continuous flow
  • saw consciousness as an evolutionary adaptation to environment
  • lacked the proper tools to study consciousness thoroughly
87
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A
  • proposes that hynosis creates a dissociative state

- divided consciousness

AP Psych (20 decks)

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