SAFMEDs Ch 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Activation-synthesis dream theory
A
- dreams come from a purely physiological/biological point of view
- pons sends signals to the cerebral cortex creating what we perceive as dreams
- dreams are meaningless, there is nothing to interpret
2
Q
Altered state of consciousness
A
-hypnosis is an induced altered state of consciousness that heightens a person’s suggestibility-openess to responding to suggestion
3
Q
Alpha waves
A
- between 7 and 12 Hz
- relaxed, ready for sleep
4
Q
Beta waves
A
- between 15 and 30 Hz
- awake, alert, anxious
5
Q
Anhedonia
A
- the result of the stop of dopamine production
- the inability to feel pleasure physically
6
Q
Biological rhythm
A
- human body experiences
- not always detected by our conscious awareness
- changes in body temperature, hormone levels, energy levels
7
Q
Chronobiology
A
-the study of various temporal biological rhythms
8
Q
Circadian rhythm disruption
A
- an out of synce sleep/wake cycle
- can occur due to jet lag
9
Q
Conscious awareness
A
-all the sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings you are aware of at any given moment
10
Q
Consciousness
A
-our state of awareness of our experience, sensations, thoughts and environment
11
Q
Delta waves
A
- slow waves
- Up to 4 Hz
- deep sleep
- stage 3 of NREM
12
Q
Disinhibitor
A
- Something that causes a reduction in one’s inhibitions
- makes people, or animals act more impulsively
- alcohol
13
Q
Dissociation theory
A
-the hypnotic state divides the higher executive functions of the brain, including a “hidden observer” or second part of the mind that keeps the mind aware during hypnosis
14
Q
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A
- measures electrical currents produced in the brain as brain cells communicate with each other
- records currents as a visual tacing called an encephalogram
15
Q
Diurnal
A
-creatures that stay awake during the day and sleep at night
16
Q
Dissociative state
A
-an altered state of divided consciousness
17
Q
Dreams
A
-all images, events, sounds and other sensations experienced during sleep
18
Q
Dualism
A
-the theory that the mental and the physical – or mind and body or mind and brain – are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing
19
Q
Hypnosis
A
-an induced altered state of consciousness that heightens a person’s suggestiblity-openess to responding to suggestion- without losing his or her sense of self or control
20
Q
Hypnotic susceptibility
A
-the degree to which an individual is able to enter into hypnosis
21
Q
Information-processing dream theory
A
- explains dreams as the brain’s attempts to make sense of what we encounter during thr day
- dreams are one way we actively process and analyze information rather than just respond to stimuli
22
Q
Infradian rhythms
A
-a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm
23
Q
Jet lag
A
-an out of sync sleep/wake cycle due to traveling across several time zones
24
Q
K-complex
A
-large, high voltage waves that often appear in response to outside stimuli as sounds
25
Insomnia
- the inability to fall asleep ot stay asleep
- may be acute or chronic
- can be caused by underlying medical or psychiatric conditions, stress, emotional or physical discomfort, stimulant and disruptions to the normal sleep cycle
26
Latent content
-what the dream content actually represented
27
Manifest content
- what we recall from the story line of our dreams
- symbolic of something deeper within the unconscious
- symbolic of repressed desires
28
Materialism
- either matter or energy or matter and energy are all that can exist
- all phenomena are matter, energy or the interaction of the two
29
Melatonin
- sleep hormone
- released by the pineal gland
- increases naturally at night
30
Microsleep
- a breif shift in brain activity from to sleeping brain waves
- Last from half-second to thirty seconds
- lose consciousness and are unaware of our surroundings
- nodding of the head, drooping eyelids, constant blinking, blank stare, difficulty concentrating
- we are unaware that it occured
31
Narcolepsy
- a disorder in which a person falls in REM sleep during waking hours
- sudden sleep episodes
32
Night terrors
- extreme episodes that occur during NREM stage 3
- sweating, agitation, dilated pupils
- children will often scream before falling back to sleep
- details are often vague and not remembered at all
33
Nightmare
-dreams occuring in REM that have distrurbing content
34
Nocturnal
-awake during the day, asleep at night
35
Nonconscious
- all the various biological processes that are taking place internally and constantly without you noticing
- breathing, digestion
36
NREM sleep
- non-REM sleep
| - nondreaming stage
37
Paradoxical stage
- REM sleep
| - brain waves move as if we are awake during sleep
38
Post-hypnotic suggestion
-encouraging a client to respond to desired outcomes
39
Preconscious
-information stored about yourself or your environment that you are not currently aware or thinking of but can easily call to mind when asked
40
Psychopharmacology
-the field of study that examines changes induced by drugs in mood, thinking and behavior
41
Rapid eye movement (REM)
-brain waves increase in frequency and operate as if we are awake
42
REM paralysis
- the brain waves move as if we are awake
- the brain stem acts to block communication between the cerebral cortex and motor neurons so our bodies remain still during dreams
43
REM sleep
- during the initial perriod of stage 3 our brain waves increase in frequency taking us back to stage two and then REM
- also known as paradoxical stage
- brain waves move as if we are awake
44
REM sleep behavior disorder
- The person is not motionless or "paralyzed" during REM sleep
- People can physically act out dream behavior
- Punching, kicking, jumping from bed, talking, laughing, shouting
45
Sleep apnea
-a condition in which breathig stops and starts repeatedly during sleep
46
Sleep deprivation
- memory impairment and moodiness
| - associated with overeating and the consumption of unhealthy foods
47
Sleep spindles
-slower-paced waves with spikes comparable to the low amplitude theta waves of Stage 1
48
Sleep stages
- Stages 1 to 3 are what's considered non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, also known as quiet sleep.
- Stage 4 is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, also known as active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
49
Sleep talking
- associated with sleep spindles
| - talking while asleep
50
Sleepwalking
- somnambulism
| - occurs in NREM stage 3 (deep sleep)
51
Sleep-deprivation psychosis
-breaks from reality due to a persistent lack of sleep
52
Slow wave sleep
- stage 3
| - the sleep spindles and k-complexes of stage 2 begin to appear
53
Social influence theory of hypnosis
- the human desire to be viewed favorably
| - hypnosis was not an altered state of consciousness but rather people acting out the role expected of them
54
State of suggestibility
-makes someone more able to respond positively to recommendations
55
Subconscious
- information you have been exposed to but cannot recall
| - can influence behavior
56
Suggestibility
-openess to responding to suggestion without losing his or her sense of self or control
57
Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- "master clock"
- as daylight lessens the rods/cones inthe cornea detect lower light levels and the ganglion cells in the retina communicate with the Suprchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
58
Theta waves
- high-frequency/low amplitude waves
- between 4 and 7 Hz
- present in stages 1 and 2 or NREM sleep
59
Ultradian rhythm
- occurs in a shorter time than a day but longer than an hour
- blood circulation, blinkinh of the eyes
- bowel regulation
60
Waking consciousness
-your normal, alert awareness that includes your working memory
61
Alcohol
- slows neural processing
- impairs physical activity
- reduces activity in the prefrontal cortex (responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgements)
- reduces self awareness
- impairs memory
62
Agonists
-receptos on cell surfaces to support an action
63
Amphetamines
- drugs used to increase wakefulness
- enhances cognitive performance
- used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy and weight gain
- increases the concentration of dopamine in brain synapses
- increases metabolisma and mental clarity
- high potential for abuse
64
Antagonists
-block receptor sites on cell surfaces to supress an action
65
Benzodiazepines
- antianxiety drugs
- slow the central nervous system
- muscle relaxation and sedation
- depresses heartbeat and nreathing
- can be lethal in overdose
66
Caffeine
- the most used drug in the world
- affects adenosine: neuromodulator that has receptors to slow a person down
- adenosine-receptor antagonist
67
Cocaine
- illegal substance
- blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
- dopamine dependency
- immediate rush that leads to a crash
68
Depressants
- lower neural activity
- slows body functioning
- can cause dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological addiction
- Examples: alcohol and barbiturates
69
Drug tolerance
- the need for increasing amounts of the drug to experience the same effects the brainwould normally produce on its own
- the impact of the drug lessens over time requiring increasing doses to achieve the same effect
70
Hallucinogens/psychedelics
-drugs that cause hallucinations and distort perceptions of reality
71
Impulse control
-the frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgements about what to do and not to do
72
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
- A hallucinogen
- Visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations
- The oxygen deprivation leads many users to have a "near death" experience
- Can cause physiological dependence/tolerance and psychological dependence
73
Marijuana
- Cannabis
- The leaves, stems, resin and flowers from the hemp plant
- Lowers inhibitions and produces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria
- THC is the active ingredient
- Increased auditort and visual perceptions
- The "bliss molecule" (neurotransmitter anandamide) binds to the THC receptors
74
Methamphetamine
- An illegal substance
- Super stimulant
- Used as a recreational drug and not prescribes medicallt
- Methylated twice, making it faster acting, more potent, and more dangerous
- Ecstasy is a type of methamphetamine
75
Nicotine
-imitates acetycholine
0receptors connect to the reward center in the brain
-increases dopamine
-addictive
76
Neuroadaptation
-a proces whereby neurons increase or decrease the production of neurotransmitters in response to the chemicals ingested
77
Opiates
- reduce neurotransmission
- temporarily lessens pain and anxiety
- reduces GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows the release of dopamine in the nucleus)
78
Psychoactive drugs
- drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
79
Psychological dependence
- when drugs that reduce stres become an increasingly important part of a user's life
- emotional-mental withdrawal
- "self medication" is necessary to cope with negative emotions
80
Sedatives
- lower neural activity
| - slows body functioning
81
Stimulants
-Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
-speed up the body's functions
-provide users with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness,
and forced wakefulness
-can cause dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, psychological addiction, irreversible changes in mood
82
Tolerance
- the need for increasing amounts of the drug to experience the same effects the brainwould normally produce on its own
- the impact of the drug lessens over time requiring increasing doses to achieve the same effect
83
Tranquilizers
- type of sedative
- reduces anxiety
- induces sleep
84
Withdrawal symptoms
- a set of symptoms associated with discontinuing a drug
- reverses neuroadaptation
- cravings, tremors, anxiety, depression, seizures, death
85
Sigmund Freud
- saw dreams as a method of reaching into the unconscious mind
- dreams might represent a form of wish-fulfillment by the unconscious mind
- the go protects us from open conflict, impulses can be explored in the safe place (dreams)
86
William James
- famous for helping to found psychology as a formal discipline
- saw consciousness as a continuous flow
- saw consciousness as an evolutionary adaptation to environment
- lacked the proper tools to study consciousness thoroughly
87
Ernest Hilgard
- proposes that hynosis creates a dissociative state
| - divided consciousness
