Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 15: Infancy and Childhood > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 15: Infancy and Childhood Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Accommodation

A

-a way to modify a schema to include new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Animism

A

-the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and humanlike qualities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Artificialism

A

-the belief that anything that exists must have been made by a conscious entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Assimilation

A

-making sense of new situations by relating them to past experiences and their existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attachment bond

A

-emotional attachment between and infant and caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Attachment theory

A
  • John Bowlby

- attachment behavior in infants is innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centration

A

-the act of focusing on only one aspect of a problem when more aspects are relevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conservation

A

-the principle that changing the shape or appearance of an object does not necessarily change the object’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Egocentrism

A

-seeing the world only through their own perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Object permanence

A

-undestanding that objects exist even when hidden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One-dimesional thinking

A

-cannot undestand a tall thin glass can hold the same amount as a short fat glass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pretend play

A
  • imagining their play room is a schoolhouse

- a piece of paper represents a plate or pillow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discontinuous development

A
  • marked by age-specific periods of time

- viewed as more theoretical than real by developmental theorists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Continuous development

A

-relatively even process without distinct stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

-is an individual’s development a factor of his or her DNA or is it influenced more by environment and life experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heritability

A

-the extent to which variations of a trait or behavior can be attributed to genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stability versus change

A

-whether the traits an infant displays are enduring or whether they change as the growing person interacts with other people and their culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-believed that very litttle change happened in the adult years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Zygote

A
  • fertilized egg

- implants itself in the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Zygotic period

A
  • germinal period
  • last about two weeks
  • ends with egg becoming an embryo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Embryotic stage

A
  • organ development begins

- at one month the heat begins to beat and the lungs, eyes, ears, palate and central nervous system develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Placenta

A

-transfer nutroents from the mother to the embryo to foster growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Teratogens

A
  • harmful agents embryos are susceptible to
  • tobacco, drugs, infection
  • can result in physical or functional defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A
  • exposure to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

- can result in low birth weight, facial deformities and limited intellectual abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fetal stage

A
  • final stage of prenatal development

- lasts from roughly two months gestation until birth

26
Q

Maturation

A
  • orderly sequential biological growth pattern
  • primarily dtermined by genetic makeup
  • influenced by extreme environmental factors
27
Q

Reflex

A

-an involuntary physical response to a stimulus

28
Q

Grasping reflex

A
  • newborns curl their fingers around abjects when their palms are touched
  • disappear about three or four months
29
Q

Rooting reflex

A
  • touch a baby on the cheeek and theyll turn their head towards the stimulus
  • disappears at about five months
30
Q

Sucking reflex

A

-babies suck objects placed in their mouth

31
Q

Moro reflex

A
  • response to a sudden absence of support
  • feeling of falling
  • arms and legs thrust out and then pulled in close
  • back may be arched
  • crying
  • loud noise or change in position
32
Q

Startle response

A
  • learned response to unexpected noises

- sudden body movements

33
Q

Stepping reflex

A
  • appearance of taking steps when the baby’s feet touch a flat surface
  • precursor to walking
  • fades at eight weeks
34
Q

Babinski reflex

A
  • splaying of the baby’s toes whem the bottom of the foot is stroked
  • toes curl inward
35
Q

Dynamic systems approach

A
  • explains how children develop motor behaviors
  • children try out various movements and then respond to environmental feedback
  • succesful? continue unsucessful? discontinue
  • rocking back and forth on hands and needs precursor to crawling
36
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A
  • patterns of attachment
  • designed a research method that allowed her to observe the behavior of children through one way glass
  • strange situation behavior
37
Q

Strange situation behavior

A
  • a standardized procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships
  • mother leaving the room
38
Q

Secure attachment bond

A

-although they show some level of distress when their caregivers leave, they eventually regain comfort knowing based on their established bond that the caregiver will return

39
Q

Insecure attachment bond (anxious-ambivalent)

A
  • very distressed when caregiver left

- ambivalent and resentful of caregiver’s return

40
Q

Insecure attachment bond (avoidant)

A
  • indifferent when caregiver leaves
  • indifferent when caregiver returns
  • may seek contact then pulls away
41
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A
  • theorized that attachment was important for survival
  • instinctive bonding imprinting
  • observed geese and their mothers
  • “Are you my mother?”
42
Q

Critical period

A

-specific time in which an emotional or social landmark is developed that will not or cannot occur later

43
Q

Imprinting

A

-instinctive bonding to the first moving object seen within hours after birth

44
Q

Sensitive period

A

-a longer period during which attachment forms in humans

45
Q

Harry Harlow

A
  • continued Lorenz’s work

- contact comfort

46
Q

Contact comfort

A

-strong attachment forms due to the physical comfort a caregiver provides

47
Q

Cognitive devlopment

A

-the process of intellectual growth a child goes through to devlop information-processing abilities, perceptual skills, language learning, understanding of concepts and problem-solving abilities

48
Q

Jean Piaget

A

-theorized that what child is able to do intellectually depends on the development of the brain and on cognition levels

49
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A
  • the first of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
  • birth-2 years
  • undestanding that movements are related to sensory satisfaction
  • engages in motor activities for desirable result
50
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

-fear and distress that devlop when children are confronted by unknown individual when their parents aren’t around

51
Q

Preoperational stage

A
  • 2-7
  • beginning to see objects as symbols
  • pretend play
  • animism
  • egocentrism
52
Q

Concrete operational stage

A
  • third stage of cognitive development
  • 7-11
  • two dimensional thinking
53
Q

Two dimensional thinking

A

-changing the shape of an object does not necessarily change the mass

54
Q

Formal operational stage

A
  • fourth and final stage of cognitive devlopment
  • undestanding abstract concepts
  • scientific and intuitive thinking
55
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

-cultural-historical psychology

56
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

-social and cultural environment allow children to progress through developmental stages

57
Q

Zone of proximal devlopment

A

-the difference between what a learner can do without help and what a learner can do with help

58
Q

Perceptual skills

A
  • a facet of cognitive development

- involves learning to perceive, organize, and interpret sensory stimuli

59
Q

Visual cliff

A
  • tests children’s ability to perceive depth

- a table with one half opaque and one half clear

60
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A
  • explored how children developed the ability to make moral decisions
  • expanded upon Piaget’s work
  • posited that humans tend to explore their environments naturally and that they gradually learn to function in that environment

AP Psych (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions