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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 15: Infancy and Childhood > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 15: Infancy and Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

-a way to modify a schema to include new information

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2
Q

Animism

A

-the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and humanlike qualities

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3
Q

Artificialism

A

-the belief that anything that exists must have been made by a conscious entity

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

-making sense of new situations by relating them to past experiences and their existing schemas

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5
Q

Attachment bond

A

-emotional attachment between and infant and caregiver

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6
Q

Attachment theory

A
  • John Bowlby

- attachment behavior in infants is innate

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7
Q

Centration

A

-the act of focusing on only one aspect of a problem when more aspects are relevant

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8
Q

Conservation

A

-the principle that changing the shape or appearance of an object does not necessarily change the object’s mass

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9
Q

Egocentrism

A

-seeing the world only through their own perspective

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10
Q

Object permanence

A

-undestanding that objects exist even when hidden

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11
Q

One-dimesional thinking

A

-cannot undestand a tall thin glass can hold the same amount as a short fat glass

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12
Q

Pretend play

A
  • imagining their play room is a schoolhouse

- a piece of paper represents a plate or pillow

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13
Q

Discontinuous development

A
  • marked by age-specific periods of time

- viewed as more theoretical than real by developmental theorists

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14
Q

Continuous development

A

-relatively even process without distinct stages

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15
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

-is an individual’s development a factor of his or her DNA or is it influenced more by environment and life experiences

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16
Q

Heritability

A

-the extent to which variations of a trait or behavior can be attributed to genetics

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17
Q

Stability versus change

A

-whether the traits an infant displays are enduring or whether they change as the growing person interacts with other people and their culture

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-believed that very litttle change happened in the adult years

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19
Q

Zygote

A
  • fertilized egg

- implants itself in the uterine wall

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20
Q

Zygotic period

A
  • germinal period
  • last about two weeks
  • ends with egg becoming an embryo
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21
Q

Embryotic stage

A
  • organ development begins

- at one month the heat begins to beat and the lungs, eyes, ears, palate and central nervous system develop

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22
Q

Placenta

A

-transfer nutroents from the mother to the embryo to foster growth

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23
Q

Teratogens

A
  • harmful agents embryos are susceptible to
  • tobacco, drugs, infection
  • can result in physical or functional defects
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24
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A
  • exposure to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

- can result in low birth weight, facial deformities and limited intellectual abilities

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25
Fetal stage
- final stage of prenatal development | - lasts from roughly two months gestation until birth
26
Maturation
- orderly sequential biological growth pattern - primarily dtermined by genetic makeup - influenced by extreme environmental factors
27
Reflex
-an involuntary physical response to a stimulus
28
Grasping reflex
- newborns curl their fingers around abjects when their palms are touched - disappear about three or four months
29
Rooting reflex
- touch a baby on the cheeek and theyll turn their head towards the stimulus - disappears at about five months
30
Sucking reflex
-babies suck objects placed in their mouth
31
Moro reflex
- response to a sudden absence of support - feeling of falling - arms and legs thrust out and then pulled in close - back may be arched - crying - loud noise or change in position
32
Startle response
- learned response to unexpected noises | - sudden body movements
33
Stepping reflex
- appearance of taking steps when the baby's feet touch a flat surface - precursor to walking - fades at eight weeks
34
Babinski reflex
- splaying of the baby's toes whem the bottom of the foot is stroked - toes curl inward
35
Dynamic systems approach
- explains how children develop motor behaviors - children try out various movements and then respond to environmental feedback - succesful? continue unsucessful? discontinue - rocking back and forth on hands and needs precursor to crawling
36
Mary Ainsworth
- patterns of attachment - designed a research method that allowed her to observe the behavior of children through one way glass - strange situation behavior
37
Strange situation behavior
- a standardized procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships - mother leaving the room
38
Secure attachment bond
-although they show some level of distress when their caregivers leave, they eventually regain comfort knowing based on their established bond that the caregiver will return
39
Insecure attachment bond (anxious-ambivalent)
- very distressed when caregiver left | - ambivalent and resentful of caregiver's return
40
Insecure attachment bond (avoidant)
- indifferent when caregiver leaves - indifferent when caregiver returns - may seek contact then pulls away
41
Konrad Lorenz
- theorized that attachment was important for survival - instinctive bonding imprinting - observed geese and their mothers - "Are you my mother?"
42
Critical period
-specific time in which an emotional or social landmark is developed that will not or cannot occur later
43
Imprinting
-instinctive bonding to the first moving object seen within hours after birth
44
Sensitive period
-a longer period during which attachment forms in humans
45
Harry Harlow
- continued Lorenz's work | - contact comfort
46
Contact comfort
-strong attachment forms due to the physical comfort a caregiver provides
47
Cognitive devlopment
-the process of intellectual growth a child goes through to devlop information-processing abilities, perceptual skills, language learning, understanding of concepts and problem-solving abilities
48
Jean Piaget
-theorized that what child is able to do intellectually depends on the development of the brain and on cognition levels
49
Sensorimotor stage
- the first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development - birth-2 years - undestanding that movements are related to sensory satisfaction - engages in motor activities for desirable result
50
Stranger anxiety
-fear and distress that devlop when children are confronted by unknown individual when their parents aren't around
51
Preoperational stage
- 2-7 - beginning to see objects as symbols - pretend play - animism - egocentrism
52
Concrete operational stage
- third stage of cognitive development - 7-11 - two dimensional thinking
53
Two dimensional thinking
-changing the shape of an object does not necessarily change the mass
54
Formal operational stage
- fourth and final stage of cognitive devlopment - undestanding abstract concepts - scientific and intuitive thinking
55
Lev Vygotsky
-cultural-historical psychology
56
Sociocultural perspective
-social and cultural environment allow children to progress through developmental stages
57
Zone of proximal devlopment
-the difference between what a learner can do without help and what a learner can do with help
58
Perceptual skills
- a facet of cognitive development | - involves learning to perceive, organize, and interpret sensory stimuli
59
Visual cliff
- tests children's ability to perceive depth | - a table with one half opaque and one half clear
60
Lawrence Kohlberg
- explored how children developed the ability to make moral decisions - expanded upon Piaget's work - posited that humans tend to explore their environments naturally and that they gradually learn to function in that environment

AP Psych (20 decks)

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