SAFMEDs Chapter 17: Personality Theories, Approaches, and Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Psychodynamic theories
A
- assume unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality
- separates the mind into three levels of consciousness
2
Q
Consciousness
A
-our sense of reality
3
Q
Preconscious
A
-the forces that drive a person’s personality under the surface
4
Q
Unconscious
A
- beyond our awareness
- where most actions take place
5
Q
Psychoanalytic theory
A
- divides the mind into the id, superego and ego
- Sigmund Freud
6
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
- psychoanalytic theory
- father or psychology
- the unconscious mind
- core idea that humans are gihly advanced animals struggling to cope with their animalistic urges
- all animalistic biological drives, insticts and urges (primarily sex and agression) reside in the unconscious
- ego, denial, repression, sibling rivalry
7
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
-Freud’s theory of personality, dream interpretation and psychotherapy
8
Q
The structure of personality
A
-Freud proposed the personality id composed of the id, superego and ego
9
Q
Id
A
- exists at birth
- contains all the instincts and energy needed for survival including libido
- operates exclusively at an unconcious level
- immediately satisfying instinctual impulses
10
Q
Libido
A
-instinctual sexual energy
11
Q
Pleasure principle
A
- urge towards immediate gratification of impulses
- freud
12
Q
Ego
A
- reality based
- resides in both the conscious and unconscious
- exists to take reality into consideration
- operates by the reality principle
13
Q
Reality Principle
A
- Ego
- a guiding principle in ways to satisfy the id’s primitive needs while also negotiating reality
14
Q
Superego
A
- develops as a result of the morality principle
- the moral sense of right and a wrong
- a person’s conscience
- unconscious and preconscious level
15
Q
Morality principle
A
- superego
- the internalized need to comply with parental and other authority
16
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
- ego
- distort or transform an urge emanating from the unconscious to protect itself from anxiety produced by the competing forces of the id and superego
- repression, regression, displacement, projection, denial, re
17
Q
Repression
A
- the process of reducing anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from consciousness
- underlies all other defense mechanism
18
Q
Regression
A
-the ego reduces anxiety by reverting to an earlier period of psychological development
19
Q
Displacement
A
-agressive urges are shifted or displaced towards a recipient other than the one engendered the feelings
20
Q
Projection
A
-occurs when anxiety-producing feelings are repressed and then projected onto another person
21
Q
Denial
A
-the ego refuses to accept the reality of a situation because doing so would produce unbearable anxiety
22
Q
Reaction-formation
A
-defense against anxiety-producing thoughts or impulses by transforming the unacceptable urge into its opposite
23
Q
Rationalization
A
-transforming or distorting an anxiety producing explanation into an acceptable one
24
Q
Sublimation
A
-when a person redirects an unacceptable urge to something with social value
25
Psychosexual stage
- personality develops through infancy and childhood in a series of five psychosexual stages
- the id's urge to seek pleasure becomes associated specific parts of the child's body that produce pleasurable sensation
26
Erogenous zones
- Freud
| - parts of the body that produce pleasurable sensation
27
Fixated
-when id based urges are not satisfied or are overindulged and person becomes stuck in a stage that carries into adulthood
28
Oral
- age: Birth to 1 1/2 years
- erogenous zones: mouth
- event or crisis: transition from breastfeeding to solid food
- ouctome of fixation in adulthood: overeating, smoking, over-dependence, sarcasm
29
Anal
- age: 2 to 3 years
- erogenous zones: Anus
- event or crisis: toliet traning, reality based expectations of behavior
- ouctome of fixation in adulthood: Obsession over neatness, oerdeliness, messiness, rebellious and hostile personality
30
Phallic
- age: 3 to 6 years
- erogenous zones: Genitalia
- event or crisis: Attachment to the opposite sex parent, identification with the same sex parent
- outcome of fixation in adulthood: Oedipus complex, castration anxiety, Electra complex, penis envy
31
Latency
- age: 6 years to puberty
- erogenous zones: none, sexual desires are repressed into unconscious
- event or crisis: Focus on intellectual and social development
- outcome of fixation in adulthood: --
32
Genital
- age: Puberty to adulthood
- erogenous zones: Genitalia
- event or crisis: development of intimate relationships outside the family
- ouctome of fixation in adulthood: Normal sexual desires reemerge
33
Oedipus complex
-a boy's sexual longing for his mother and fear and hostility towards his father
34
Castration anxiety
-the fear that the father will damage or remove the boy's penis because of the boy's attempts to seduce his mother
35
Identification
-a process by whcich a someone takes on the characteristics of another
36
Electra complex
-girls exeperience an attraction to the opposite sex parent
37
Carl Jung
- student and collaborator of Freud
- saw the unconscious as having two parts: the personal unconscious and collective unconscious
- universal memories within the collective unsconcious are organized into archetypes
- Introduced the concept of introverts and extraverts
- He emphasized the natural drive towards individuation
- He saw the persona as a means of hiding the true self and therfore preventing the positive process of individuation
38
Personal unconscious
-contains all repressed thoughts, emotions and memories
39
Collective unconscious
- stores the shared sense of universal experiences common to all human beings
- universal memories within the collective unconscious are organized into archetypes
40
Archetypes
-universal concepts that influence our behavior and personality
41
Shadow
-represents the vil or dark side of human nature
42
Animus
-the masculine archtype in women
43
Anima
-the feminine archtype in men
44
Individuation
- Carl Jung
- when people become truly aware of their true selves through the process of assimilating the personal and collective unconscious into their conscious awareness
45
Persona
- the aspect of personality a person presents to the world
- similar to ego
- means of hiding the true self and therefore preventing the positive process of individuation
46
Introvert
-the inner directed personality type
47
Extravert
-the outer directed personality type
48
Alfred Adler
- believed agression was more importan than sexual impulses
- individual psychology
- Compensation, inferiority complex and overcompensation
- strong proponent of the influence of birth order on personality
49
Individual psychology
-emphasized the drive to reach goals and find purpose
50
Compensation
-dealing with feelings of inferiority real or imagined by developing one's abilities
51
Inferiority complex
-the perceived inability to resolve feelings of inferiority
52
Overcompensation
-hiding feelings of inferiority by flaunting superficial indicators of superiority such as wealth, status or good looks
53
Birth order influence on personality
-first born: most vulnerable to inferiority complex
54
Karen Horney
- rejected Freud’s idea of penis envy saying that women envied male’s superiority status in society rather than their anatomy
- linked a lack of maternal affection in early childhood with increased instances of drug abuse and violence in adulthood
- emphasized a child’s need for love and security in the formation of a healthy personality
- proposed that a lack of love and security in childhood results in personality problems such as hostility and anxiety
55
Traits
-stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought proccesses and emotions
56
Factor analysis
- Raymond Cattell
| - analyzes multiple variables that are correlated and identifies how those correlations connect with each other
57
Surface traits
- Cattell
| - observable behaviors
58
Source traits
-16 fundamental characteristics that drive personality and result in the observable surface traits
59
16 personality Psychometric Questionnaire
- Cattell organized the source traits into 16 pairs with each pair forming a continuum
- measures these pairs
60
Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck
- used factor analysis to analyze traits and arrived at three genetically influenced dimensions of personality called temperaments
- extraversion/introversion
- neuroticism/stability
- psychoticism/socialization
61
Paul Costa/Robert McCrae
- developed a list of five traits or factors called the five factor model
- organized as pairs of adjectives along a continuum
- OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
- widely accepted model of traits
62
Cognitive expectancy
-the belief that one's behavior will yield the desired outcome
