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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Chapter 17: Personality Theories, Approaches, and Assessment > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Chapter 17: Personality Theories, Approaches, and Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A
  • assume unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality
  • separates the mind into three levels of consciousness
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2
Q

Consciousness

A

-our sense of reality

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3
Q

Preconscious

A

-the forces that drive a person’s personality under the surface

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4
Q

Unconscious

A
  • beyond our awareness

- where most actions take place

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A
  • divides the mind into the id, superego and ego

- Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • psychoanalytic theory
  • father or psychology
  • the unconscious mind
  • core idea that humans are gihly advanced animals struggling to cope with their animalistic urges
  • all animalistic biological drives, insticts and urges (primarily sex and agression) reside in the unconscious
  • ego, denial, repression, sibling rivalry
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7
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

-Freud’s theory of personality, dream interpretation and psychotherapy

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8
Q

The structure of personality

A

-Freud proposed the personality id composed of the id, superego and ego

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9
Q

Id

A
  • exists at birth
  • contains all the instincts and energy needed for survival including libido
  • operates exclusively at an unconcious level
  • immediately satisfying instinctual impulses
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10
Q

Libido

A

-instinctual sexual energy

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11
Q

Pleasure principle

A
  • urge towards immediate gratification of impulses

- freud

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12
Q

Ego

A
  • reality based
  • resides in both the conscious and unconscious
  • exists to take reality into consideration
  • operates by the reality principle
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13
Q

Reality Principle

A
  • Ego

- a guiding principle in ways to satisfy the id’s primitive needs while also negotiating reality

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14
Q

Superego

A
  • develops as a result of the morality principle
  • the moral sense of right and a wrong
  • a person’s conscience
  • unconscious and preconscious level
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15
Q

Morality principle

A
  • superego

- the internalized need to comply with parental and other authority

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16
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  • ego
  • distort or transform an urge emanating from the unconscious to protect itself from anxiety produced by the competing forces of the id and superego
  • repression, regression, displacement, projection, denial, re
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17
Q

Repression

A
  • the process of reducing anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from consciousness
  • underlies all other defense mechanism
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18
Q

Regression

A

-the ego reduces anxiety by reverting to an earlier period of psychological development

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19
Q

Displacement

A

-agressive urges are shifted or displaced towards a recipient other than the one engendered the feelings

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20
Q

Projection

A

-occurs when anxiety-producing feelings are repressed and then projected onto another person

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21
Q

Denial

A

-the ego refuses to accept the reality of a situation because doing so would produce unbearable anxiety

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22
Q

Reaction-formation

A

-defense against anxiety-producing thoughts or impulses by transforming the unacceptable urge into its opposite

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23
Q

Rationalization

A

-transforming or distorting an anxiety producing explanation into an acceptable one

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24
Q

Sublimation

A

-when a person redirects an unacceptable urge to something with social value

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25
Q

Psychosexual stage

A
  • personality develops through infancy and childhood in a series of five psychosexual stages
  • the id’s urge to seek pleasure becomes associated specific parts of the child’s body that produce pleasurable sensation
26
Q

Erogenous zones

A
  • Freud

- parts of the body that produce pleasurable sensation

27
Q

Fixated

A

-when id based urges are not satisfied or are overindulged and person becomes stuck in a stage that carries into adulthood

28
Q

Oral

A
  • age: Birth to 1 1/2 years
  • erogenous zones: mouth
  • event or crisis: transition from breastfeeding to solid food
  • ouctome of fixation in adulthood: overeating, smoking, over-dependence, sarcasm
29
Q

Anal

A
  • age: 2 to 3 years
  • erogenous zones: Anus
  • event or crisis: toliet traning, reality based expectations of behavior
  • ouctome of fixation in adulthood: Obsession over neatness, oerdeliness, messiness, rebellious and hostile personality
30
Q

Phallic

A
  • age: 3 to 6 years
  • erogenous zones: Genitalia
  • event or crisis: Attachment to the opposite sex parent, identification with the same sex parent
  • outcome of fixation in adulthood: Oedipus complex, castration anxiety, Electra complex, penis envy
31
Q

Latency

A
  • age: 6 years to puberty
  • erogenous zones: none, sexual desires are repressed into unconscious
  • event or crisis: Focus on intellectual and social development
  • outcome of fixation in adulthood: –
32
Q

Genital

A
  • age: Puberty to adulthood
  • erogenous zones: Genitalia
  • event or crisis: development of intimate relationships outside the family
  • ouctome of fixation in adulthood: Normal sexual desires reemerge
33
Q

Oedipus complex

A

-a boy’s sexual longing for his mother and fear and hostility towards his father

34
Q

Castration anxiety

A

-the fear that the father will damage or remove the boy’s penis because of the boy’s attempts to seduce his mother

35
Q

Identification

A

-a process by whcich a someone takes on the characteristics of another

36
Q

Electra complex

A

-girls exeperience an attraction to the opposite sex parent

37
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • student and collaborator of Freud
  • saw the unconscious as having two parts: the personal unconscious and collective unconscious
  • universal memories within the collective unsconcious are organized into archetypes
  • Introduced the concept of introverts and extraverts
  • He emphasized the natural drive towards individuation
  • He saw the persona as a means of hiding the true self and therfore preventing the positive process of individuation
38
Q

Personal unconscious

A

-contains all repressed thoughts, emotions and memories

39
Q

Collective unconscious

A
  • stores the shared sense of universal experiences common to all human beings
  • universal memories within the collective unconscious are organized into archetypes
40
Q

Archetypes

A

-universal concepts that influence our behavior and personality

41
Q

Shadow

A

-represents the vil or dark side of human nature

42
Q

Animus

A

-the masculine archtype in women

43
Q

Anima

A

-the feminine archtype in men

44
Q

Individuation

A
  • Carl Jung
  • when people become truly aware of their true selves through the process of assimilating the personal and collective unconscious into their conscious awareness
45
Q

Persona

A
  • the aspect of personality a person presents to the world
  • similar to ego
  • means of hiding the true self and therefore preventing the positive process of individuation
46
Q

Introvert

A

-the inner directed personality type

47
Q

Extravert

A

-the outer directed personality type

48
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • believed agression was more importan than sexual impulses
  • individual psychology
  • Compensation, inferiority complex and overcompensation
  • strong proponent of the influence of birth order on personality
49
Q

Individual psychology

A

-emphasized the drive to reach goals and find purpose

50
Q

Compensation

A

-dealing with feelings of inferiority real or imagined by developing one’s abilities

51
Q

Inferiority complex

A

-the perceived inability to resolve feelings of inferiority

52
Q

Overcompensation

A

-hiding feelings of inferiority by flaunting superficial indicators of superiority such as wealth, status or good looks

53
Q

Birth order influence on personality

A

-first born: most vulnerable to inferiority complex

54
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • rejected Freud’s idea of penis envy saying that women envied male’s superiority status in society rather than their anatomy
  • linked a lack of maternal affection in early childhood with increased instances of drug abuse and violence in adulthood
  • emphasized a child’s need for love and security in the formation of a healthy personality
  • proposed that a lack of love and security in childhood results in personality problems such as hostility and anxiety
55
Q

Traits

A

-stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought proccesses and emotions

56
Q

Factor analysis

A
  • Raymond Cattell

- analyzes multiple variables that are correlated and identifies how those correlations connect with each other

57
Q

Surface traits

A
  • Cattell

- observable behaviors

58
Q

Source traits

A

-16 fundamental characteristics that drive personality and result in the observable surface traits

59
Q

16 personality Psychometric Questionnaire

A
  • Cattell organized the source traits into 16 pairs with each pair forming a continuum
  • measures these pairs
60
Q

Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck

A
  • used factor analysis to analyze traits and arrived at three genetically influenced dimensions of personality called temperaments
  • extraversion/introversion
  • neuroticism/stability
  • psychoticism/socialization
61
Q

Paul Costa/Robert McCrae

A
  • developed a list of five traits or factors called the five factor model
  • organized as pairs of adjectives along a continuum
  • OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
  • widely accepted model of traits
62
Q

Cognitive expectancy

A

-the belief that one’s behavior will yield the desired outcome

AP Psych (20 decks)

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