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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Ch 4 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain

A
  • Part of the central nervous system
  • Plays a role in every thought, emotion, or action a person has
  • Processes information
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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Extends down the medulla oblongata through the center of the vertebral column
  • Carries sensory and motor messages from the brain
  • Enclosed in protective meninges
  • Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Controls involuntary functions
  • Think automatic
  • Breathing, blood pumping, digesting, etc.
  • Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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5
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • The default condition of the ANS
  • Reduce, digest and relax
  • Decreases blood sugar, decreases heart rate, increases blood flow to digestive organs
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6
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Emergency response system
  • Fight, flight or freeze
  • Increased heart rate, adrenaline is released, muscle tension increases
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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
  • Divided into two subsystems: somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
  • Signals from the brain travel along the motor pathway
  • Signals from sensory receptors travel the sensory pathway
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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Signals travel from brain to skeletal muscles
  • Walking, jumping, waving
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9
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Middle layer of meninges

- Spide web adjacent

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10
Q

Broca’s area

A

-Moves the muscles to create speech

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Surrounds the brain

- Cushions ans protects

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12
Q

Dura mater

A
  • The outermost layer of meninges

- “tough mother”

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13
Q

Meninges

A
  • The three layers of covering that protect the brain

- Dura, arachnoid, pia

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Outer layer of the brain
  • comprised of ridges
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15
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A
  • The brain is split into two hemispheres
  • Left brain vs right brain
  • Smilar but not symmetrical
  • Control the opposite side of the body
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16
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Surrounds the brain

- Cushions and protects

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17
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Outer layer of the brain
  • Comprised of ridges
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18
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • connects the two hemispheres
  • bundle of nerve fibers
  • “tough body”
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19
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • Studied patients who lost the ability to speak

- Broca’s area

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20
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • Studied patients who lost the ability to understand language
  • Wernicke’s area
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21
Q

Ablation

A
  • The process of removing or destroying brain tissue

- Used to remove “undesirable” characteristics

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22
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A
  • Less invasive procedure
  • Alter behavioral symptoms
  • Insert an electrode on brainstem
  • Used to treat: epilepsy, parkinson’s tremors, tourettes, acute depression
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23
Q

Hemispherectomy

A
  • Used to treat behavioral disorders or illnesses
  • Used to control seizures
  • Remove one half of the brain
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24
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A
  • Disconnecting the prefrontal cortex

- Uses ablation to control behavior

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25
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Alters brain activity
  • Used to treat depression
  • Electromagnetic wand alters magnetic field and how the brain processes emotions & moods
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26
Q

X-Rays

A

-scans that show bones and other solid structures within the body

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27
Q

Electroencephalography/ electroencephalogra, (EEG)

A
  • measures electrical activity in the brain

- electrodes are attached to a person’s scalp to record electrical waves produced during varying states of consciousness

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28
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • magnetic field and radio wave pulses generate images of soft tissue
  • used for: tumors, ligament injuries, aneurysms, strokes, inner ear and eye disorders, etc.
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29
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A
  • uses magnetic resonance to visualize blood flow and oxygen metabolization
  • infer brain activity
  • 3D activation maps of the brain
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30
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)

A
  • 2D x-ray photographs from various angles are compiled to represent a part of the body in 3D
  • Examines bones, soft tissue and blood simultaneously
  • Commonly used in emergency situations for efficiency
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31
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A
  • visualize slices of the brain
  • radioactive tracer is injected in a person’s bloodstream
  • travels similarly to glucose
  • The tracer’s path is tracked via positrons (charged particles)
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32
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • sends signals by passing hormones through the bloodstream
  • slow acting, longer lasting effects
  • Raises and lowers blood sugar, indicates hunger vs fullness, sex drive, metabolism, sleep
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33
Q

Hormones

A

-secreted by different parts of the body and select parts of the brain

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • signals the pituitary gland
  • coordinates the autonomic nervous system
  • body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, emotional activity
35
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • “master gland”
  • sends signals to other glands which then release their own hormones
  • lactation
  • regulates stress, growth and development
36
Q

Gigantism

A
  • excessive growth hormone
  • excessive growth and height
  • can lead to acromegaly
37
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • excessive growth hormone
  • deadly
  • visible swelling of soft tissue
38
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A
  • not enough growth hormone is released during development
  • grows very slowly
  • normal proportions
  • notably shorter than average
39
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • secretes: thyroxine
  • regulates: metabolism
  • increases the oxygen needed by tissues, organs and cells to prevent atrophy
  • Thyroid disorders can be detected with a blood test
  • Damage can lead to: poor sleep, depression, fatigue, dry skin and hair, sensisitivity to cold and joint/muscle pain
40
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • melatonin master

- regulates sleep and body rhythms

41
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • rests above the kidneys
  • releases: adrenaline
  • regulates: arousal
42
Q

Gonads

A
  • responsible for the development of sex characteristics
  • responsible for sex typical behaviors
  • androgens, estrogen, progesterone
43
Q

Sulci

A
  • the peaks in the folded tissue of the cerebrum
44
Q

Gyri

A

-the valleys in the folded tissue of the cerebrum

45
Q

Lobes

A
  • cerebral cortex is split into 4 lobes

- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

46
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • “command central”
  • responsible for decision-making, problem solving, reaoning, planning, personality, language
  • Motivation and willpower
47
Q

Motor Cortex

A
  • part of the frontal lobe

- controls voluntary movement

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • processes sensory signals

- touch, pressure, temperature, pain

49
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

-esponsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body

50
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • processes visual stimuli

- coordinates vision

51
Q

Visual association cortex

A
  • recognizes lines, angles, shapes, movements and shadows
52
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • processes auditory stimuli
  • auditory memory
  • melody and tonal changes
53
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

-spoken and written language comprehension

54
Q

Brain stem

A
  • oldest part of the brain

- connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum

55
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • regulates heart rate, respiration, digestion, swallowing, sneezing
  • damage results in DEATH
56
Q

Pons

A
  • mass of nerve fibers
  • sends information from the brainstem to the cerebellum
  • 4 of the cranial nerves control facial movement (teeth, tongue, jaw, eyes, lower face)
57
Q

Midbrain

A
  • located above the pons
  • vision, movement, hearing, muscle coordination
  • point guard of the brain (assist)
58
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”

- fine motor control, posture, coordination, balance

59
Q

Reticular formation

A

-network of nerves

60
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  • responsibility to regulate the sleep-wake cycle

- damage results in an irreversible coma

61
Q

Limbic system

A
  • rests on top of the brain stem
  • mammalian brain
  • contains the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, hypothalamus
  • processes emotions such as: joy, happiness, excitement, pleasure, fear, anger, desperation, nervousness
62
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relay station between brain stem and the cortex
  • sensory signals are sent from the sense organs to the thalamus
  • information is ultimately processed in the lobes of the cerebral cortex
63
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • turns information into long term memories
  • recalling facts and events
  • spacial perception
64
Q

Amygdala

A
  • processes emotion and survival responses

- fight, flight, or freeze

65
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A
  • major input structure of the basal ganglia

- integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors

66
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A
  • regulates hunger

- if removed or damaged the person will not experience hunger

67
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A
  • regulates satiety

- damage results in hyperphagia: eating beyond what their body needs

68
Q

Nucleus

A
  • a bundle of cells that work together

- “brain”

69
Q

Brain lateralization

hemispheric specialization

A
  • each side of the brain performs specific functions

- the brain’s processing capacity can be increased by interaction between these two processors

70
Q

“split brain”

A
  • when the two hemispheres of the brain cannot communicate

- each hemisphere acts independently

71
Q

Roger Sperry

A
  • split brain research

- neuroscientist

72
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A
  • split brain research
  • left brain interpreter phenomenon
  • neuroscientist
73
Q

Neuroplasticity

A
  • the reorganization of neural pathways as a result of experience
  • stronger when we are younger and reduces with age
  • how young children who have half a brain removed are able to recover
74
Q

Association areas

A
  • a region of the cortex of the brain which connects sensory and motor areas
  • concerned with higher mental activities
  • a patient with a lesion in the parietal-temporal-occipital association area has an agraphia, which means he is unable to write although he has no deficits in motor skills
75
Q

Hemispheres

A

-either the left or the right half of the cerebrum

76
Q

Hemisphere specialization

A
  • the differential role of the left or right brain side in processing a specific neuronal task or behavior
77
Q

Agnosia

A
  • inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things
  • result of brain damage
78
Q

Electrode

A
  • an instrument with a positive-pole cathode and a negative-pole anode used to stimulate biological tissues electrically or record electrical activity in these tissues
79
Q

Autopsy

A

-a postmortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease

80
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • a neural pathway that controls a reflex
  • most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord
  • allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain

AP Psych (20 decks)

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