SAFMEDS Chapter 13: Motivation Flashcards
1
Q
Biological motives
A
- based on the biological needs for survival
- hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, the need for air, and sleeo
- innate
2
Q
Stimulus motives
A
- our need for information, learning and stimulation
- inborn, but not needed for survival
3
Q
Learned motives
A
- learned needs, drives and goals
- pursuing StuCo positions, auditioning for a play, etc.
4
Q
Motivation
A
-the drive that initiates, sustains, directs and terminates actions
5
Q
Instinct
A
-an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species
6
Q
Fixed action patterns
A
- instinctual behaviors in response to stimuli that, once started, continue to completion
- newly hatched sea turtles move towards the ocean
7
Q
Evolutionary psychology
A
- an approach that tries to explain mental and psychological traits as adaptations to the environment
- memory, language, perception, personality
- our traits developed to help us adapt to our surroundings
8
Q
Natural selection
A
- instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive success become more frequent
- instinctual behaviors that don’t help further the species may die out
9
Q
Drive reduction theory
A
- a person’s needs lead to a drive which is satisfied through drive reducing behavior
- helps a person maintain homeostasis
10
Q
Need
A
-an internal deficiency of some sort
11
Q
Drive
A
-an energized emotional state that pushes a person to do something
12
Q
Homeostasis
A
-an internal balance in the body
13
Q
Incentives
A
- pulling behaviors
- external stimuli that motivates behavior
- a good grade is an academic incentive
14
Q
Arousal theory
A
- proposes that people and other animals are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal
- the state of being awake and alert
15
Q
Yerkes-Dodson law
A
- people need moderate levels of arousal to complete a task successfully
- inverted-U theory of arousal
16
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
- humanistic psychologist
- hierarchy of needs
- Maslow’s pyramid
17
Q
Self actualization
A
-once all these needs are met people are motivated to reach their full potential
18
Q
Satiety
A
- the feeling of fullness
- neccessary to build a foundation for understanding why we eat
19
Q
Biological bases of hunger
A
-hunger is the most important drive for individual survival
20
Q
Ghrelin
A
- appetite stimulant
- released by the stomach when the body needs food
- more is produced when you’re underweight and less when overweight
21
Q
Orexin
A
- appetite stimulant
- produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
- has a role in sexual behavior and wakefulness
- eat more, stay awake longer, have more sex
22
Q
Orexigenic
A
- on signal
- somthing that stimulates the appetite
23
Q
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
A
-neurons produce orexin
24
Q
Anorexigenic
A
- off signal
- signals satiety
- tells the body it feels full and decreases appetite
25
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
- regulates the satiety system
| - receives and responds to satiety hormones (ex: leptin and peptide (YY(PYY)))
26
Leptin
- secreted by fat cells in the body
- travels to the VMH to signal that the body has enough energy to do what it needs to do
- low leptin levels can lead to overeating to the point of obesity
27
Set point
-the weight range for each individual where the body performs optimally and in which a person stays without any effort to gain or lose weight
28
Basal metabolic rate
-the rate of energy expenditure when the body is at rest
29
Glucose
- sugar
- important source of energy that comes from food
- food is broken down into sugars that are passed through the blood cells throughout the body
30
Insulin
- a a=hormone released by the pancreas
| - regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream
31
External Cues that Influence Eating Behaviors
- signals and situations that are linked with food
| - the clock, specific people, certain emotions
32
Sexual motivation
-the desire to have erotic experiences that are pleasurable
33
Gonads
-releases androgens and estrogens into the body that influence sexual desire
34
The human sexual response cycle
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson
| - Measured, watched and filmed 10,000 sexual cycles of more than 300 male and 300 female volunteers
35
Sexual response cycle
-Masters and Johnson
-Excitement stage:
Gential areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and internal lubricant is secreted
Breasts and nipples may enlarge
```
-Plateau stage:
Breathing becomes more rapid
Heart rate and blood pressure increase
The penis will become fully erect
Vaginal lubrication continues to increase
```
-Orgasm phase
Muscle spasms all over the body
Increased breathing, heart rates, and blood pressure
-Refractory period
The body returns to its normal resting state
36
Alfred Kinsey
- sex researcher
| - Created the Kinsey scale: a continumun from heterosexuality to homosexuality
37
Androgens
- male hormones
| - testosterone
38
Estrogens
- female hormones
| - estradiol
39
Sexual dysfunctions
-problems that consistently interfere with a person's abilitiy to function properly or be aroused for sexual contact
40
Paraphilias
- sexual interests that fall outside a societal norm
- Exhibistionistic disorder, fetishistic disorder, frotteuristic disorder, pedophilic disorder, sexual masochism, secual sadism, transvestic disorder, voyeuristic disorder
41
Sexual orientation
-a sexual identity based on the gender to which one feels enduring sexual attraction
42
Approach-approach conflict
-the choice between two desirable options
43
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
-the choice between two undesirable options
44
Approach-avoidance conflict
-a conflict in which one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
45
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
-a choice between two or more things each with desirable and undesirable aspects
46
Collectivistic societies
-those that value the group over the individual
47
Individualistic socities
-societies that tend to encourage and reward individual success
48
Extrinsic motivation
-the drive to perform tasks by being pushed or pulled by rewards or punishments
49
Intrinsic motivation
-an internal sense of satisfaction and the enjoyment of performing a task
