SAFMEDS Chapter 13: Motivation Flashcards
Biological motives
- based on the biological needs for survival
- hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, the need for air, and sleeo
- innate
Stimulus motives
- our need for information, learning and stimulation
- inborn, but not needed for survival
Learned motives
- learned needs, drives and goals
- pursuing StuCo positions, auditioning for a play, etc.
Motivation
-the drive that initiates, sustains, directs and terminates actions
Instinct
-an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species
Fixed action patterns
- instinctual behaviors in response to stimuli that, once started, continue to completion
- newly hatched sea turtles move towards the ocean
Evolutionary psychology
- an approach that tries to explain mental and psychological traits as adaptations to the environment
- memory, language, perception, personality
- our traits developed to help us adapt to our surroundings
Natural selection
- instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive success become more frequent
- instinctual behaviors that don’t help further the species may die out
Drive reduction theory
- a person’s needs lead to a drive which is satisfied through drive reducing behavior
- helps a person maintain homeostasis
Need
-an internal deficiency of some sort
Drive
-an energized emotional state that pushes a person to do something
Homeostasis
-an internal balance in the body
Incentives
- pulling behaviors
- external stimuli that motivates behavior
- a good grade is an academic incentive
Arousal theory
- proposes that people and other animals are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal
- the state of being awake and alert
Yerkes-Dodson law
- people need moderate levels of arousal to complete a task successfully
- inverted-U theory of arousal
Abraham Maslow
- humanistic psychologist
- hierarchy of needs
- Maslow’s pyramid
Self actualization
-once all these needs are met people are motivated to reach their full potential
Satiety
- the feeling of fullness
- neccessary to build a foundation for understanding why we eat
Biological bases of hunger
-hunger is the most important drive for individual survival
Ghrelin
- appetite stimulant
- released by the stomach when the body needs food
- more is produced when you’re underweight and less when overweight
Orexin
- appetite stimulant
- produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
- has a role in sexual behavior and wakefulness
- eat more, stay awake longer, have more sex
Orexigenic
- on signal
- somthing that stimulates the appetite
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
-neurons produce orexin
Anorexigenic
- off signal
- signals satiety
- tells the body it feels full and decreases appetite
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
- regulates the satiety system
- receives and responds to satiety hormones (ex: leptin and peptide (YY(PYY)))
Leptin
- secreted by fat cells in the body
- travels to the VMH to signal that the body has enough energy to do what it needs to do
- low leptin levels can lead to overeating to the point of obesity
Set point
-the weight range for each individual where the body performs optimally and in which a person stays without any effort to gain or lose weight
Basal metabolic rate
-the rate of energy expenditure when the body is at rest
Glucose
- sugar
- important source of energy that comes from food
- food is broken down into sugars that are passed through the blood cells throughout the body
Insulin
- a a=hormone released by the pancreas
- regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream
External Cues that Influence Eating Behaviors
- signals and situations that are linked with food
- the clock, specific people, certain emotions
Sexual motivation
-the desire to have erotic experiences that are pleasurable
Gonads
-releases androgens and estrogens into the body that influence sexual desire
The human sexual response cycle
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson
- Measured, watched and filmed 10,000 sexual cycles of more than 300 male and 300 female volunteers
Sexual response cycle
-Masters and Johnson
-Excitement stage:
Gential areas become engorged with blood, a woman’s vagina expands and internal lubricant is secreted
Breasts and nipples may enlarge
-Plateau stage: Breathing becomes more rapid Heart rate and blood pressure increase The penis will become fully erect Vaginal lubrication continues to increase
-Orgasm phase
Muscle spasms all over the body
Increased breathing, heart rates, and blood pressure
-Refractory period
The body returns to its normal resting state
Alfred Kinsey
- sex researcher
- Created the Kinsey scale: a continumun from heterosexuality to homosexuality
Androgens
- male hormones
- testosterone
Estrogens
- female hormones
- estradiol
Sexual dysfunctions
-problems that consistently interfere with a person’s abilitiy to function properly or be aroused for sexual contact
Paraphilias
- sexual interests that fall outside a societal norm
- Exhibistionistic disorder, fetishistic disorder, frotteuristic disorder, pedophilic disorder, sexual masochism, secual sadism, transvestic disorder, voyeuristic disorder
Sexual orientation
-a sexual identity based on the gender to which one feels enduring sexual attraction
Approach-approach conflict
-the choice between two desirable options
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
-the choice between two undesirable options
Approach-avoidance conflict
-a conflict in which one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
-a choice between two or more things each with desirable and undesirable aspects
Collectivistic societies
-those that value the group over the individual
Individualistic socities
-societies that tend to encourage and reward individual success
Extrinsic motivation
-the drive to perform tasks by being pushed or pulled by rewards or punishments
Intrinsic motivation
-an internal sense of satisfaction and the enjoyment of performing a task
