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AP Psych > SAFMEDS Chapter 13: Motivation > Flashcards

SAFMEDS Chapter 13: Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Biological motives

A
  • based on the biological needs for survival
  • hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, the need for air, and sleeo
  • innate
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2
Q

Stimulus motives

A
  • our need for information, learning and stimulation

- inborn, but not needed for survival

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3
Q

Learned motives

A
  • learned needs, drives and goals

- pursuing StuCo positions, auditioning for a play, etc.

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4
Q

Motivation

A

-the drive that initiates, sustains, directs and terminates actions

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5
Q

Instinct

A

-an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species

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6
Q

Fixed action patterns

A
  • instinctual behaviors in response to stimuli that, once started, continue to completion
  • newly hatched sea turtles move towards the ocean
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7
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A
  • an approach that tries to explain mental and psychological traits as adaptations to the environment
  • memory, language, perception, personality
  • our traits developed to help us adapt to our surroundings
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8
Q

Natural selection

A
  • instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive success become more frequent
  • instinctual behaviors that don’t help further the species may die out
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9
Q

Drive reduction theory

A
  • a person’s needs lead to a drive which is satisfied through drive reducing behavior
  • helps a person maintain homeostasis
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10
Q

Need

A

-an internal deficiency of some sort

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11
Q

Drive

A

-an energized emotional state that pushes a person to do something

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

-an internal balance in the body

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13
Q

Incentives

A
  • pulling behaviors
  • external stimuli that motivates behavior
  • a good grade is an academic incentive
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14
Q

Arousal theory

A
  • proposes that people and other animals are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal
  • the state of being awake and alert
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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A
  • people need moderate levels of arousal to complete a task successfully
  • inverted-U theory of arousal
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16
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • humanistic psychologist
  • hierarchy of needs
  • Maslow’s pyramid
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17
Q

Self actualization

A

-once all these needs are met people are motivated to reach their full potential

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18
Q

Satiety

A
  • the feeling of fullness

- neccessary to build a foundation for understanding why we eat

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19
Q

Biological bases of hunger

A

-hunger is the most important drive for individual survival

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20
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • appetite stimulant
  • released by the stomach when the body needs food
  • more is produced when you’re underweight and less when overweight
21
Q

Orexin

A
  • appetite stimulant
  • produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
  • has a role in sexual behavior and wakefulness
  • eat more, stay awake longer, have more sex
22
Q

Orexigenic

A
  • on signal

- somthing that stimulates the appetite

23
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

-neurons produce orexin

24
Q

Anorexigenic

A
  • off signal
  • signals satiety
  • tells the body it feels full and decreases appetite
25
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A
  • regulates the satiety system

- receives and responds to satiety hormones (ex: leptin and peptide (YY(PYY)))

26
Q

Leptin

A
  • secreted by fat cells in the body
  • travels to the VMH to signal that the body has enough energy to do what it needs to do
  • low leptin levels can lead to overeating to the point of obesity
27
Q

Set point

A

-the weight range for each individual where the body performs optimally and in which a person stays without any effort to gain or lose weight

28
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

-the rate of energy expenditure when the body is at rest

29
Q

Glucose

A
  • sugar
  • important source of energy that comes from food
  • food is broken down into sugars that are passed through the blood cells throughout the body
30
Q

Insulin

A
  • a a=hormone released by the pancreas

- regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream

31
Q

External Cues that Influence Eating Behaviors

A
  • signals and situations that are linked with food

- the clock, specific people, certain emotions

32
Q

Sexual motivation

A

-the desire to have erotic experiences that are pleasurable

33
Q

Gonads

A

-releases androgens and estrogens into the body that influence sexual desire

34
Q

The human sexual response cycle

A
  • William Masters and Virginia Johnson

- Measured, watched and filmed 10,000 sexual cycles of more than 300 male and 300 female volunteers

35
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

-Masters and Johnson
-Excitement stage:
Gential areas become engorged with blood, a woman’s vagina expands and internal lubricant is secreted
Breasts and nipples may enlarge

-Plateau stage:
Breathing becomes more rapid
Heart rate and blood pressure increase
The penis will become fully erect
Vaginal lubrication continues to increase

-Orgasm phase
Muscle spasms all over the body
Increased breathing, heart rates, and blood pressure

-Refractory period
The body returns to its normal resting state

36
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A
  • sex researcher

- Created the Kinsey scale: a continumun from heterosexuality to homosexuality

37
Q

Androgens

A
  • male hormones

- testosterone

38
Q

Estrogens

A
  • female hormones

- estradiol

39
Q

Sexual dysfunctions

A

-problems that consistently interfere with a person’s abilitiy to function properly or be aroused for sexual contact

40
Q

Paraphilias

A
  • sexual interests that fall outside a societal norm
  • Exhibistionistic disorder, fetishistic disorder, frotteuristic disorder, pedophilic disorder, sexual masochism, secual sadism, transvestic disorder, voyeuristic disorder
41
Q

Sexual orientation

A

-a sexual identity based on the gender to which one feels enduring sexual attraction

42
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

-the choice between two desirable options

43
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

-the choice between two undesirable options

44
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

-a conflict in which one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features

45
Q

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A

-a choice between two or more things each with desirable and undesirable aspects

46
Q

Collectivistic societies

A

-those that value the group over the individual

47
Q

Individualistic socities

A

-societies that tend to encourage and reward individual success

48
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

-the drive to perform tasks by being pushed or pulled by rewards or punishments

49
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

-an internal sense of satisfaction and the enjoyment of performing a task

AP Psych (20 decks)

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