Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > SAFMEDs Ch 5 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Ch 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

axon

A
  • long, thin, hollow, cylindrical extension of a neuron that normally carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • Comprised of the brain and spinal cord
  • coordinates body systems
  • “the brains of the operation”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • there are 12 cranial nerves

- each controls different bodily functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dendrites

A
  • branches

- receive communication from other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

glial cells

A
  • non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and peripheral nervoud system
  • do not produce electical impulses
  • forms myelin in the pns
  • glue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

myelin

A
  • an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves
  • made of protein and fatty substances
  • allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effeciently along the nerve cells
  • impulses slow when myelin is damaged
  • modified cellular membrane wrapped around the axon of the neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neurilemma

A
  • the thin sheath around a nerve axon
  • (including myelin where this is present)
  • he cytoplasm and the nuclei of the Schwann cells lying outside the myelin sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neurons

A
  • information messengers
  • use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit infrmation between different areas of the brain and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system
  • Broken into three parts cell body, axon, dendrite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
  • the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body

- where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • a long, tubular bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brain through the spinal column
  • transmits information to and from the body and brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Synapses

A

-a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Terminal branches

A

-parts of a neuron that sends messages to other neurons or muscles or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Terminal buttons

A

-vesicles contain neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vesicles

A
  • thin-walled sac filled with a fluid
  • at the end of terminal buttons
  • contain neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • part of the autonomic nervous system
  • contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Action potential

A
  • the change in electric potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron during the transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a muscle
  • takes a few milliseconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adrenaline

A

-a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Afferent neurons

A
  • sensory neurons

- carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli TOWARDS he brain and spinal cord as sensory data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Agonists

A
  • substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor
  • promotes an action
  • similar to positive feedback loops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All-or-none principle

A
  • cells eithher fire of they don’t fire

- the electrical charge reaches a thresholf ot an action potential occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antagonists

A

-a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Depolarization

A
  • change in charge

- the increase in sodium alters the balance of charge making the cell more positive than it was when it was resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dopamine

A
  • pleasure chemical of the brain

- low levels are associated with addictive behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Efferent neurons

A
  • motor neurons

- carry signals AWAY from the brain

26
Q

Electrochemical communication

A

-the transfer of information when neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons of one cell are released into the synapses between that cell and other cells

27
Q

Endorphins

A
  • relieve pain and stress
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • runner’s high
28
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • associated with energy
  • same chemical as adrenaline
  • connected forming emotionally charged memories (trauma)
29
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

-excite connecting neurons causing them to fire when chemicals are released from the terminal buttons

30
Q

Fight or flight response

A

-occurs when people encounter something dangerous or life threatening and respond physiologically in a way that prepares them to fight or flee

31
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • calms the CNS
  • natural tranquilizer
  • too little is associated with anxiety disorders
32
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • opposite of GABA
  • involved with thinking, memory and learning
  • plays a key role in LTP
33
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • prevents the next neurons from firing

- maintains homeostasis by cancelling out excitatory neurotransmitters

34
Q

Interneurons

A
  • relay neurons or connectors

- allow for information to pass between neurons

35
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • a pattern of neural firing that strengthens synaptic connections over time
  • as we repeat a task we make the connections in our brains stronger
  • facilitated by glutamate
36
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • transmit signals from the brain to our muscles and other organs
  • efferent neurons
37
Q

Neural firing

A
  • neural conduction
  • the process by which information travels through a neuron
  • electrical (within neurons) and chemical (between neurons)
38
Q

Neuroplasticty

A

-the brain’s ability to modify, change, and adapt both structure and function throughout life and in response to experience

39
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

40
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • active in the sympathetic nervous system in response to danger
  • triggers fight or flight
  • involvef in developing fears
41
Q

Receptors

A
  • pick up neurotransmitters that enter the synapse

- on dendrites

42
Q

Resting potential

A
  • the inside of the of the neuron contains more potassium and the outide contains more sodium ions
  • creates the possibility of voltage change
43
Q

Reuptake

A

-the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted

44
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • take input received through sensory receptors throughout the body, such as in the skin, eyes, nose, ears, tongue and pass it on towrd the brain and spinal cord to initiate a response
  • afferent neurons
45
Q

Serotonin

A
  • connected to mood, emotion, appetite, sleep and sexual desire
  • high levels increase happiness
  • low levels are associated with depression, anger control, ocd and suicide
46
Q

Threshold

A
  • the point at which a cell fires

- usually about -55mv

47
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

-focuses on discovering how genes and experiences interact and lead to specific behaviors and mental abilities

48
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A
  • titghtly coiled strands inside of chromosomes

- the means by which specific characteristics of an individual or species pass from one generation to the next

49
Q

Genes

A
  • segments of DNA that contain instructions to make proteins

- the building blocks of life

50
Q

Genome

A

-the entirety of an individual’s hereditary information

51
Q

Genotype

A
  • a person’s specific genetic bluprint

- determined by the total pattern of chromosomes inherited from each parent

52
Q

Heritability

A

-the likelihood a person will devlop certain characteristics

53
Q

Phenotype

A

-the actual characteristics a person develops

54
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

-by interacting with the world around us, we have a role in changing the environment in which we live

55
Q

Sensitive period

A
  • time in an organism’s life where it has an increased sensitivity to environmental influences
  • a particular environment is important at a particular time in life for genetic information to be expressed
56
Q

Adaptation

A

-traits that are favorable for survival are passed on to future generations

57
Q

Epigenetics

A

-the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

58
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

-identifies modern traits and loos backwards to propose an explanation for why we have them

59
Q

Genetic mutations

A

-occasionally genetic mutations occur if these mutations prove to be beneficial for survival they are passed down and become evolutionary traits

60
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-the theory of evolution

61
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A
  • austrian zoologist
  • dealt with the natur of instinctive behavioral acts
  • how behavior derives from basic drives

AP Psych (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions