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AP Psych > SAFMEDs Ch 5 > Flashcards

SAFMEDs Ch 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

axon

A
  • long, thin, hollow, cylindrical extension of a neuron that normally carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body
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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • Comprised of the brain and spinal cord
  • coordinates body systems
  • “the brains of the operation”
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3
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • there are 12 cranial nerves

- each controls different bodily functions

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4
Q

dendrites

A
  • branches

- receive communication from other cells

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5
Q

glial cells

A
  • non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and peripheral nervoud system
  • do not produce electical impulses
  • forms myelin in the pns
  • glue
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6
Q

myelin

A
  • an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves
  • made of protein and fatty substances
  • allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effeciently along the nerve cells
  • impulses slow when myelin is damaged
  • modified cellular membrane wrapped around the axon of the neurons
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7
Q

neurilemma

A
  • the thin sheath around a nerve axon
  • (including myelin where this is present)
  • he cytoplasm and the nuclei of the Schwann cells lying outside the myelin sheath
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8
Q

neurons

A
  • information messengers
  • use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit infrmation between different areas of the brain and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system
  • Broken into three parts cell body, axon, dendrite
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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
  • the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions
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10
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body

- where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on

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11
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • a long, tubular bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brain through the spinal column
  • transmits information to and from the body and brain
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12
Q

Synapses

A

-a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Terminal branches

A

-parts of a neuron that sends messages to other neurons or muscles or glands

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14
Q

Terminal buttons

A

-vesicles contain neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Vesicles

A
  • thin-walled sac filled with a fluid
  • at the end of terminal buttons
  • contain neurotransmitters
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16
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • part of the autonomic nervous system
  • contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate
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17
Q

Action potential

A
  • the change in electric potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron during the transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a muscle
  • takes a few milliseconds
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18
Q

Adrenaline

A

-a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion

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19
Q

Afferent neurons

A
  • sensory neurons

- carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli TOWARDS he brain and spinal cord as sensory data

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20
Q

Agonists

A
  • substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor
  • promotes an action
  • similar to positive feedback loops
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21
Q

All-or-none principle

A
  • cells eithher fire of they don’t fire

- the electrical charge reaches a thresholf ot an action potential occurs

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22
Q

Antagonists

A

-a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another

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23
Q

Depolarization

A
  • change in charge

- the increase in sodium alters the balance of charge making the cell more positive than it was when it was resting

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24
Q

Dopamine

A
  • pleasure chemical of the brain

- low levels are associated with addictive behaviors

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25
Q

Efferent neurons

A
  • motor neurons

- carry signals AWAY from the brain

26
Q

Electrochemical communication

A

-the transfer of information when neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons of one cell are released into the synapses between that cell and other cells

27
Q

Endorphins

A
  • relieve pain and stress
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • runner’s high
28
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • associated with energy
  • same chemical as adrenaline
  • connected forming emotionally charged memories (trauma)
29
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

-excite connecting neurons causing them to fire when chemicals are released from the terminal buttons

30
Q

Fight or flight response

A

-occurs when people encounter something dangerous or life threatening and respond physiologically in a way that prepares them to fight or flee

31
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • calms the CNS
  • natural tranquilizer
  • too little is associated with anxiety disorders
32
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • opposite of GABA
  • involved with thinking, memory and learning
  • plays a key role in LTP
33
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A
  • prevents the next neurons from firing

- maintains homeostasis by cancelling out excitatory neurotransmitters

34
Q

Interneurons

A
  • relay neurons or connectors

- allow for information to pass between neurons

35
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • a pattern of neural firing that strengthens synaptic connections over time
  • as we repeat a task we make the connections in our brains stronger
  • facilitated by glutamate
36
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • transmit signals from the brain to our muscles and other organs
  • efferent neurons
37
Q

Neural firing

A
  • neural conduction
  • the process by which information travels through a neuron
  • electrical (within neurons) and chemical (between neurons)
38
Q

Neuroplasticty

A

-the brain’s ability to modify, change, and adapt both structure and function throughout life and in response to experience

39
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

40
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • active in the sympathetic nervous system in response to danger
  • triggers fight or flight
  • involvef in developing fears
41
Q

Receptors

A
  • pick up neurotransmitters that enter the synapse

- on dendrites

42
Q

Resting potential

A
  • the inside of the of the neuron contains more potassium and the outide contains more sodium ions
  • creates the possibility of voltage change
43
Q

Reuptake

A

-the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted

44
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • take input received through sensory receptors throughout the body, such as in the skin, eyes, nose, ears, tongue and pass it on towrd the brain and spinal cord to initiate a response
  • afferent neurons
45
Q

Serotonin

A
  • connected to mood, emotion, appetite, sleep and sexual desire
  • high levels increase happiness
  • low levels are associated with depression, anger control, ocd and suicide
46
Q

Threshold

A
  • the point at which a cell fires

- usually about -55mv

47
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

-focuses on discovering how genes and experiences interact and lead to specific behaviors and mental abilities

48
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A
  • titghtly coiled strands inside of chromosomes

- the means by which specific characteristics of an individual or species pass from one generation to the next

49
Q

Genes

A
  • segments of DNA that contain instructions to make proteins

- the building blocks of life

50
Q

Genome

A

-the entirety of an individual’s hereditary information

51
Q

Genotype

A
  • a person’s specific genetic bluprint

- determined by the total pattern of chromosomes inherited from each parent

52
Q

Heritability

A

-the likelihood a person will devlop certain characteristics

53
Q

Phenotype

A

-the actual characteristics a person develops

54
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

-by interacting with the world around us, we have a role in changing the environment in which we live

55
Q

Sensitive period

A
  • time in an organism’s life where it has an increased sensitivity to environmental influences
  • a particular environment is important at a particular time in life for genetic information to be expressed
56
Q

Adaptation

A

-traits that are favorable for survival are passed on to future generations

57
Q

Epigenetics

A

-the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

58
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

-identifies modern traits and loos backwards to propose an explanation for why we have them

59
Q

Genetic mutations

A

-occasionally genetic mutations occur if these mutations prove to be beneficial for survival they are passed down and become evolutionary traits

60
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-the theory of evolution

61
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A
  • austrian zoologist
  • dealt with the natur of instinctive behavioral acts
  • how behavior derives from basic drives

AP Psych (20 decks)

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