SAFMEDs Chapter 25: Social Behavior Our Public Selves

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

-hostile behavior with the intent of harming someone physically or mentally

Question 2

Hostile aggression

Answer 2

• based on anger

- when someone becomes upset with someone else and responds emotionally with the intent to harm the other

Question 3

Instrumental aggression

Answer 3

• an intent to harm another person
• the motivation is not emotional
• done to advance a cause or to achieve something
• ex: hit man

Question 4

The role of genetics in aggressiveness

Answer 4

• the degree of aggressiveness is more similar between identical twins than between fraternal twins
• genetic influences seem to predispose people to agressiveness or passivity

Question 5

Disinhibition of agression

Answer 5

-turning off our normal ability to control unacceptable responses such as agression by depressing activity in the frontal lobes and impairing judgement, planning and restraint

Question 6

The Frustration-Agression Hypothesis

Answer 6

-an organism that is prevented or inhibited from raching a goal will experience frustration and react with agression

Question 7

Updated hypothesis

Answer 7

• Although frustration frequently leads to agressuin it does not always lead to aggression
• Leonard Berkowitz
• Frustration leads to anger rather than directly to aggression

Question 8

Social learning

Answer 8

-occurs through observing others engaging in activities

Question 9

Albert Bandura

Answer 9

-Bobo doll experiment

Question 10

Conflict

Answer 10

-opposing actions, ideas or goals between individuals or groups

Question 11

Social dilemma

Answer 11

-a situation that places the desires of the individual into conflict with the good of the group

Question 12

Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 12

-a situation in which shared resources are depleted if individuals act in their own self-interest instead of for the common good

Question 13

Alturistic norms

Answer 13

-expectations of acting on behalf of the group rather than in self in interest are perhaps the least effective method of overcoming destructive competition and selfishness

Question 14

Alturism

Answer 14

-the concept or practice of selfless behavior out of concern for the well-being of others

Question 15

Social responsibility norm

Answer 15

-the expectation that people, especially those in positions of authority, help others even at a cost to themselves

Question 16

Reciprocity norm

Answer 16

-the expectation that if an individual or group has helped you, you should help them in return

Question 17

Muzafer Sherif

Answer 17

• studied the conflictd beyond one’s own community
• rivalries, opposing teams, international enemies
• summer camp study

Question 18

Superordinate goals

Answer 18

-challenges that would benefit both groups and that require the two groups to cooperate with one another

Question 19

Mirror image perceptions

Answer 19

-when members of opposing groups have the same negative perceptions of each other

Question 20

Racism

Answer 20

-the categorization of a person or group of people based on their race or ethnicity and the systematic mistreatment of people in the targeted group

Question 21

Ingroup

Answer 21

-a group in which one identifies

Question 22

Outgroup

Answer 22

-a group with which one feels no identification

Question 23

Ethnocentrism

Answer 23

-judging other cultures based only on the values and characteristics of one’s own culture

Question 24

Stereotypes

Answer 24

-overgeneralized attitudes about a group of people

Question 25

Stereotype threat

Answer 25

-a situation in which people feel at risk of performing as their group is expected to perform

Question 26

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 26

-a prediction that causes itself to become true

Question 27

Prejudice

Answer 27

-unjustified, usually negative judgements about a group of people based on their membership in the group

Question 28

Scapegoating

Answer 28

-when members of a group in power hold members of a less powerful group responsible for their problems

Question 29

Discrimination

Answer 29

-negative behavior toward members of a target group based on their race, ethnicity or other shared characteristic

Question 30

Proximity or propinquity effect

Answer 30

-how close people are physically influences whether one person likes another

Question 31

Interaction

Answer 31

-if a person interacts with you you are more likely to like them than other people in the room

Question 32

Mere exposure effect

Answer 32

- liking someone or something occurs merely because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing - Robert Zajonc

Question 33

Matching

Answer 33

-many people are attracted to those whom they feel are about as physically attractive as they are

Question 34

Physical attractiveness stereotype

Answer 34

-people ascribe more positive characteristics to attractive people

Question 35

Halo effect

Answer 35

-overall positive feelings for a person or object carry over to specific qualities

Question 36

Reciprocity

Answer 36

-the feeling of being somewhat obligated to give something to someone who has given something to us

Question 37

Robert Sternberg

Answer 37

-triangular theory of love

Question 38

Triangular theory of love

Answer 38

-love has three components: intimacy, passion, commitment

Question 39

Intimacy

Answer 39

- a feeling of closeness and attachment | - associated with privacy

Question 40

Passion

Answer 40

-sexual or romantic feelings and excitement

Question 41

Commitment

Answer 41

-a promise to sustain the relationship

Question 42

Fatuous love

Answer 42

- whirlwind, short lived relationship | - passion and commitment

Question 43

Companionate love

Answer 43

- deep love between long-married couples | - combine intimacy and commitment

Question 44

Consummate love

Answer 44

-intimacy, passion and commitment

Question 45

John Darley and Bibb Latane

Answer 45

-bystander effect

Question 46

Bystander effect

Answer 46

-people are less likely to help someone in need if there are other people watching the distress

Question 47

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 47

-someone witnessing a problem is less likely to take action when others are present because they assume that someone else will take on the responsibility

Question 48

Bystander intervention

Answer 48

-helping in an emergency despite the presence of others

Question 49

Prosocial behavior

Answer 49

-helping others

Question 50

Alturism

Answer 50

-the desire to help another person strictly for that person's benefit

Question 51

Social exchange theory

Answer 51

-people engage in a cost-benefit analysis and help others only when it benefits them