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mski > S1_L2_MSKI - 1-4 > Flashcards

S1_L2_MSKI - 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered CT

A

Godfrey Hounsfield

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2
Q

godfrey hounsfield’s CT was based on _

A

Work was based on Alan Cornack’s mathematical formulas for reconstruction of images for digital signals

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3
Q

t or f First scanners were dedicated to scanning the head

A

t

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4
Q

Primary purpose of CT was for _

A

imaging of the brain

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5
Q

what year when godfrey divocered CT

A

1972

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6
Q

Whole body scan was possible. in what year

A

1976

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7
Q

Hounsfield was awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine in _

A

1979

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8
Q

Hounsfield was awarded_in 1979

A

Nobel Prize in Medicine

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9
Q

t or f CT scan has different imaging principles as conventional radiography

A

f, Same imaging principles as conventional radiography

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10
Q

X-rays are _ by body tissues

A

attenuated

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11
Q

Radiodensities of the body tissues are represented in the image as shades of _

A

gray

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12
Q

_ of the body tissues are represented in the image as shades of gray

A

Radiodensities

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13
Q

CT creates images based on _(axial) slices, created by up to
_ projections
from different angles, unlike X-rays

A

cross-sectional, 1000 projections

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14
Q

3 ELEMENTS OF CT SCAN

A

GANTRY
OPERATOR’S CONSOLE
COMPUTERS

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15
Q

Into which the patient slides during the examination

A

GANTRY

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16
Q

gantry parts:

A

X-ray tube and the high-voltage generator
● Collimator Assembly
Detector Array
Data Acquisition

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17
Q

employs a high-intensity x-ray tube in order to provide uniform penetration of
the tissues and reduce attenuation

A

X-ray tube and the high-voltage generato

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18
Q

Aperture through which xrays pass

A

● Collimator Assembly

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19
Q

Controls radiation center

A

Collimator Assembly

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20
Q

Creates a narrow fan-shaped beam of
x-rays

A

Collimator Assembly

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21
Q

collimator assembly creates __ beam of xrays

A

narrow fan shaped

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22
Q

Measures the remnant radiation

A

● Detector Array

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23
Q

what determines the slice thickness

A

Collimator Assembly

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24
Q

Opposite X-Ray tube

A

● Detector Array

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25
Q

Up to how many detectors are arranged in an
array, encircling the patient

A

1000

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26
Q

Amplifies signal from the detectors in the
form of varying electrical current = analog
signal

A

● Data Acquisition

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27
Q

varying electrical current is called

A

analog signal

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28
Q

Will later on be converted into digital for
an image to be seen in the computer

A

● Data Acquisition

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29
Q

Converts analog to digital form

A

computer (data acquisition)

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30
Q

CT tech controls scanning process, selects slice thickness,
reconstruction algorithms (post-processing), and other specs

A

OPERATOR’S CONSOLE

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31
Q

Transforms radiant energy to something we are able to see

A

COMPUTERS

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32
Q

computers transform __ to somewthing we are able to see

A

radiant energy

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33
Q

MAKING THE CT IMAGE (2)

A

SCREENING PROCESS
DATA CONVERSION

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34
Q

Where transduction occurs

A

SCREENING PROCESS

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35
Q

2 Dimensional digital radiograph

A

SCOUT IMAGE

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36
Q

X-ray tube moves circumferentially around patient to get a “slice”

A

CT SCANNING

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37
Q

Will revolve _ degrees in the gantry

A

360

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38
Q

● Table moved for a new “slice” in what cuts for ct scanning

A

axial

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39
Q

movement of the tabletop is referred to in
terms of _

A

pitch

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40
Q

○ CT scan will revolve, stop, move, and go.

A

● Stop-and-go action

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41
Q

t or f For modern scanners they move continuously during the exam process

A

t

42
Q

Modern scanners move continuously during the examination process -> what slices

A

helical

43
Q

While the x-ray beam is moving around, _continuously goes on

A

scanning process

44
Q

DATA CONVERSION (3)

A

matrix
image
post processing

45
Q

Radiodensities are converting by the computer into a _

A

matrix

46
Q

Each cell of the matrix is a _ (picture element).

A

pixel

47
Q

Each pixel is assigned a shade of _,
which represents the _ of that cell of the matrix,
expressed in terms of _ units.

A

gray, radiodensity, hounsfiel

48
Q

Matrix becomes an _ using a mathematical process called

A

image, “back projection”

49
Q

the image of ct scan will perform what cuts

A

sagittal or coronal cuts

50
Q

Image can be manipulated in the computer’s software

A

POST PROCESSSING

51
Q

Improving contrast in __

A

post porcessing

52
Q

Modifying the window can be done in _

A

post processing

53
Q

DIFFERENT FORMS OF CT

A

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CT
CT MYELOGRAM
CONE BEAM CT

54
Q

Multiplanar reconstruction

A

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CT

55
Q

Imaged part can be rotated “in space” on the
computer screen

A

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CT

56
Q

Invasive in nature -> inject a contrast

A

ct myelogram

57
Q

Media into the subarachnoid space

A

ct myelogram

58
Q

_ is better able to distinguish between osteophytes, ligament infolding,
and annular material than is MRI.

A

CT myelography

59
Q

ct myelography is better able to distinguish between _, _,
and _ than is MRI.

A

osteophytes, ligament infolding, annular material

60
Q

Best viewed in digital format than on printed
forma

A

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CT

61
Q

t or f You can print out 3d images, but can’t be manipulated

A

t

62
Q

in ct myelgram, where will you inject the media

A

subarachnoid space

63
Q

Acquires all the data in a single sweep of the scanner

A

CONE BEAM CT

64
Q

is not constructed from a large number of slices but rather
based on one volume of data.

A

CBCT scanner

65
Q

cone beam ct is used mostly in _

A

drentistry

66
Q

Uses a large, cone-shaped x-ray beam matched with a flat-panel detector

A

cone beam ct

67
Q

cone beam ct is for imaging of the _

A

breast

68
Q

○ For breast cancer detection
○ To check for malignant cells

A

cone beam ct

69
Q

Tissues will have differing _
represented by different shades of _

A

radiodensities, gray

70
Q

Dense structure in CT = what color

A

white or light shade of gray

71
Q

Less dense in CT, what color

A

dark

72
Q

tracheas and epiglottis will appear what color in CT

A

black

73
Q

t or f Cortical bone is more dense than cancellous bone

A

t

74
Q

cancellous bone sanwiched between cortical is called

A

flat bone

75
Q

For axial cuts/images, images are viewed in a __

A

caudo-cephalad manner

76
Q

For sagittal cuts, images are viewed from _

A

left to right

77
Q

t or f Viewing adjacent slices may help orient you with the anatomy

A

t

78
Q

in viewing ct images, concentrate only on 1 area t or f

A

f

79
Q

CT scan slices are identified in terms of _ that correspond to _

A

slice
numbers, scout images

80
Q

_ appears as a small locator image inserted into the image for each
slice (left uppermost corner)

A

Scout image

81
Q

Selecting the range of radiodensities displayed in an image

A

WINDOWING

82
Q

t or f CT is inable to choose the range of radiodensities displayed

A

f, CT has the ability to choose the range of radiodensities displayed

83
Q

a CT image made for the purpose of viewing musculature,
soft tissues, or viscera

A

Soft tissue window

84
Q

CT image for viewing of the bone

A

Bone window

85
Q

Slice thickness for _
CT can vary from 0.5 to 2 mm (for small joints) to 2 to 3 mm (for the pelvis)

A

musculoskeltal CT

86
Q

Slice thickness for musculoskeletal CT can vary from _(for small joints) to _
(for the pelvis)

A

0.5 to 2 mm, 2 to 3 mm

87
Q

0.5 to 2 mm is for _

A

small joints

88
Q

2 to 3 mm is for

A

pelvis

89
Q

Thinner slices are typically used in areas of_

A

rapidly changing anatomy

90
Q

Smaller bones or joints can be missed in
_ slices

A

thicker

91
Q

CLINICAL USES OF CT SCAN

A

● Subtle fractures and/or complex fractures
Degenerative changes (spinal arthritic changes), spinal stenosis especially with CT myelography
Serious trauma since multiple injuries to both osseous and soft tissue structures can be determined
IV disc conditions when combined with
diskograms
Best for evaluation of loose bodies in a joint
Less time-consuming than MRI or UTZ
Accurate measurement of osseous alignment
Less expensive than MRI
Less problematic for claustrophobic patients

92
Q

Comminuted fx: better seen with _

A

CT Scan

93
Q

_ are like myelograms, you
inject the contrast to the disc.

A

Diskograms

94
Q

ct scan is best for evaluation of __

A

loose bodies in a joint

95
Q

UTZ is also fast, but it is _

A

operator-dependent.

96
Q

MRI only takes _

A

45 mins - 1 hr long

97
Q

At present, CT is the modality of choice for
detailed imaging of _ _

A

cortical and trabecular
bone.

98
Q

Limited capability for determining the histological makeup of tissues for _

A

ct scan

99
Q

Different tissues may have the similar
_ = difficult to differentiate
tissues

A

radiodensity

100
Q

High radiation exposure (1000 projections) for MRI t or f

A

f, ct

mski (28 decks)

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