PHARMA_S1_L2 - 4-7 Flashcards by Andre Neri Valencia

INHALATIONAL advantages

Rapid onset
Direct effect

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DISADVANTAGES OF INHALATIONAL

Limited
compliance

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● When to give inhalational?

○ When you want to target the lungs
○ Or through the lungs, you want to get it in the
systemic circulation

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examples of inhational:

general inhalational anesthesia
nebulizers: bronchodilators & steroid inhalers

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for asthma pts, what will u use

Nebulizer

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Examples of nebulizer:

bronchodilators for asthma & steroid inhalers for asthma.

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how to do the nebulization technique:

Inhale maximally→ hold breath for as long as you can → exhale a little bit –> then inhale again

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” go to full exhalation then inhale back”

this is the insturction you give when teaching how to nebulize. t or f

f, Don’t go to full exhalation; then inhale back

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Inhalers contain drugs in a _

pressurized canister.

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When you puff in an inhaler, it has a specific/controlled/regulated/exact dose. t or f

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In nebulizer, the drug is __. They run it through the nebulizing machine,
which breaks down the liquid into tiny droplets so that the pt can inhale.

liquid

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form of drug that has a local effect

topical

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Limited to outer skin surface

topical

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Eye Drops are what form of drugs

topical

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topical drugs have systemic
effects. t or f

f, We do not expect them to insert systemic
effects.

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transdermal
● Allows systemic absorption
● Limited
t or f

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EXAMPLES OF TRANSDERMAL

Nitroglycerin patch
nicotine patch
fentanyl patch

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for heart attack or MI, what patch

Nitroglycerin patch

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Patch may be given and is able to deliver _ of the nitroglycerin (for MI)

0.4 mg/hr

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Nitroglycerin causes _

coronary vasodilation.

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nitroglycerin can be in 3 forms:

1) sublingual; 2) transdermal; 3) mucosal sprays

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For those who are rehabilitated from smoking, what patch?

nicotine patch under transdermal

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patch for pain:

Fentanyl patch

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Fentanyl patch is an opioid t or f

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t or f An opioid tablet only has limited duration of action, but the patch can provide continuous delivery of the drug.

form of drug that has the Quickest onset

INJECTION

injection is Difficult to self administer t or f

injection must be in ___ solution

aqueous

VARIATIONS OF INJECTIONS

INTRAVENOUS INTRAARTERIAL SUBCUTANEOUS INTRAMUSCULAR OTHERS 1) subarachnoid, 2) epidural, 3) tendon sheath or bursa

tendon sheath or bursa: (2) what drugs can be administered

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Steroids Local Anesthetics

Most direct systemic effect in injections

INTRAVENOUS

Bypasses absorption effects --> intraarterial t or f

f, intravenous

most hazardous variation of injection:

INTRAVENOUS

t or f intravenous Goes directly to systemic circulation.

No first pass effect in intravenous t or f

Delivering drugs into the artery, what njection

INTRAARTERIAL

intraaretrial Achieves a _ to a tissue

high local concentration

example of intraarterial drugs

Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs for the kidneys

what artery can you deliver the cancer cehmotherapeutic drugs for kidneys?

renal artery

Subcutaneous is under the _. This is fat.

skin

subcutaneous injections has fast absorption. t or f

f, slow

subcutaneous injection being a slow absorption is bad with regards to the onser t or f

for the duration of action, subcutaneous injection is good since it stays long in the body t or f

Large volumes not feasible in what variation of injection

SUBCUTANEOUS

example of subcutaneous

Vaccines, insulin (for diabetes)

the needle in insulin is very long t or f

f, short lang

insulin is what varitation of injection

SUBCUTANEOUS

Fairly rapid onset for what variation of inejction

intramuscular

IM injections are painful becasue _

○ Because muscle is highly innervated ○ The needle is longer.

intramsucular injections can cause tissue damage t or f

subarachnoid space found in _ _

brain spinal cord

is between the inner layer (pia mater) and middle layer (arachnoid mater) of the tissues covering the brain

subarachnoid space

meninges

dura arachnoid pia

Subarachnoid space has _.

Subarachnoid space has CSF.

Drugs are delivered through the __ in subarachnoid injection .

CSF

Examples of drugs administered subarachnoidly

spinal anesthesia and cancer chemotherapy drugs.

Epidural: above the dura. t or f

Epidural space is between _ _

dura mater and spine

Examples of drug epidural

epidural anesthesia labor analgesia morphine

during painful uterine contractions for painless delivery: what drug

labor analgesia

a type of opioid for post-operative pain relief or for cancer pts

morphine

PRP is for pts c :

tendon tears small muscle tears chronic severe osteoarthritis

to use PRP, HOW

get pt’s own blood → separate the red from the plasma through centrifuge → get the platelets → inject platelets into area in pain

injected to inflamed SH joint

Steroids Local Anesthetics

PRP is for pain relief and anti-inflammatory t or f

f, Steroids Local Anesthetics

steroid local anesthetics common at _ _ _

common at knees, shoulder, & achilles tendon

DRUG ABSORPTION (3)

A. Bioavailability B. Membrane Structure & Function C. Movement across membrane barrier

Fraction of the unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation following administration by any route

BIOAVAILABILITY

Bioavailability is affected by the ff:

GI absorption Plasma protein binding Adipose tissue storage Biotransformation Elimination

if a drug is highly bound to a plasma protein, such as albumin and globulin, there is high bioavailability t or f

f, poor availability

If they are stored in the fat, there is high bioavailability t or f

f, less bioavailability

if a drug is highly bound to a plasma protein, such as _ and _, there is poor bioavailability

albumin and globulin

Once the drug is transformed, then less bioavailability t or f

If the drug has rapid elimination rate, then less bioavailability. t or f

If drugs are taken every 4 hours, there is long bioavailability t or f

f, short

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (2)

fluid mosaic model Selective Barrier (Blood Brain Barrier)

Cell membrane is described like a whatmodel

fluid mosaic

cell membrane is a _ layer

bilipid

for a drug to pass through this layer, it needs to be in its _ form

lipid

Added protection for the brain so not all drugs to toxic chemical can cross freely

Blood Brain Barrier

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANE BARRIER (4)

Passive diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion Special processes (endocytosis & exocytosis)

passive diffusion concentration from _ to _

high to low

Rate of diffusion depends on:

Permeability coefficient Concentration gradient: Area Thickness

permeable membrane = _ diffusion, faster or slower?

faster

low to high concentration means better diffusion

f, high to low

larger area means better diffusion t or f

thicker cell membrane means better diffusion

f, poorer if thicker

Can transfer from low to high concentration

active transport

active transport requires:

ATP

diffusuion that is energy dependent

active transport

Uses carrier proteins to facilitate diffusion from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

facilitated diffusion uses what kind of proteins

carrier

Cell membranes themselves can adapt according to need. t or f

If they want a drug to inside, they engulf the drug: what special process is this

Endocytosis

If they want to bring toxins outside the cell, they release it what special process is this

Exocytosis