PHARMA_S1_L2 - 4-7 Flashcards
INHALATIONAL advantages
Rapid onset
Direct effect
DISADVANTAGES OF INHALATIONAL
Limited
compliance
● When to give inhalational?
○ When you want to target the lungs
○ Or through the lungs, you want to get it in the
systemic circulation
examples of inhational:
general inhalational anesthesia
nebulizers: bronchodilators & steroid inhalers
for asthma pts, what will u use
Nebulizer
Examples of nebulizer:
bronchodilators for asthma & steroid inhalers for asthma.
how to do the nebulization technique:
Inhale maximally→ hold breath for as long as you can → exhale a little bit –> then inhale again
” go to full exhalation then inhale back”
this is the insturction you give when teaching how to nebulize. t or f
f, Don’t go to full exhalation; then inhale back
Inhalers contain drugs in a _
pressurized canister.
When you puff in an inhaler, it has a specific/controlled/regulated/exact dose. t or f
t
In nebulizer, the drug is __. They run it through the nebulizing machine,
which breaks down the liquid into tiny droplets so that the pt can inhale.
liquid
form of drug that has a local effect
topical
Limited to outer skin surface
topical
Eye Drops are what form of drugs
topical
topical drugs have systemic
effects. t or f
f, We do not expect them to insert systemic
effects.
transdermal
● Allows systemic absorption
● Limited
t or f
t
EXAMPLES OF TRANSDERMAL
Nitroglycerin patch
nicotine patch
fentanyl patch
for heart attack or MI, what patch
Nitroglycerin patch
Patch may be given and is able to deliver _ of the nitroglycerin (for MI)
0.4 mg/hr
Nitroglycerin causes _
coronary vasodilation.
nitroglycerin can be in 3 forms:
1) sublingual; 2) transdermal; 3) mucosal sprays
For those who are rehabilitated from smoking, what patch?
nicotine patch under transdermal
patch for pain:
Fentanyl patch
Fentanyl patch is an opioid t or f
t
t or f An opioid tablet only has limited duration of action,
but the patch can provide continuous delivery of the drug.
t
form of drug that has the Quickest onset
INJECTION
injection is Difficult to self administer t or f
t
injection must be in ___ solution
aqueous
VARIATIONS OF INJECTIONS
INTRAVENOUS
INTRAARTERIAL
SUBCUTANEOUS
INTRAMUSCULAR
OTHERS
1) subarachnoid, 2) epidural, 3) tendon sheath or bursa
tendon sheath or bursa: (2) what drugs can be administered
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP)
Steroids Local Anesthetics
Most direct systemic effect in injections
INTRAVENOUS
Bypasses absorption effects –> intraarterial t or f
f, intravenous
most hazardous variation of injection:
INTRAVENOUS
t or f intravenous Goes directly to systemic circulation.
t
No first pass effect in intravenous t or f
t
Delivering drugs into the artery, what njection
INTRAARTERIAL
intraaretrial Achieves a _ to a tissue
high local concentration
example of intraarterial drugs
Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs for the
kidneys
what artery can you deliver the cancer cehmotherapeutic drugs for kidneys?
renal artery
Subcutaneous is under the _. This is fat.
skin
subcutaneous injections has fast absorption. t or f
f, slow
subcutaneous injection being a slow absorption is bad with regards to the onser t or f
t
for the duration of action, subcutaneous injection is good since it stays long in the body
t or f
t
Large volumes not feasible in what variation of injection
SUBCUTANEOUS
example of subcutaneous
Vaccines, insulin (for diabetes)
the needle in insulin is very long t or f
f, short lang
insulin is what varitation of injection
SUBCUTANEOUS
Fairly rapid onset for what variation of inejction
intramuscular
IM injections are painful becasue _
○ Because muscle is highly innervated
○ The needle is longer.
intramsucular injections can cause tissue damage t or f
t
subarachnoid space found in _ _
brain spinal cord
is between the inner layer (pia mater) and middle layer (arachnoid mater)
of the tissues covering the brain
subarachnoid space
meninges
dura
arachnoid
pia
Subarachnoid space has _.
Subarachnoid space has CSF.
Drugs are delivered through the __ in subarachnoid injection .
CSF
Examples of drugs administered subarachnoidly
spinal
anesthesia and cancer chemotherapy drugs.
Epidural: above the dura. t or f
t
Epidural space is between _ _
dura mater and spine
Examples of drug epidural
epidural anesthesia
labor analgesia
morphine
during painful uterine contractions for painless delivery: what drug
labor analgesia
a type of opioid for post-operative pain relief or for cancer pts
morphine
PRP is for pts c :
tendon tears
small muscle tears
chronic severe osteoarthritis
to use PRP, HOW
get pt’s own blood → separate the red from the plasma through centrifuge → get the platelets → inject platelets into area in pain
injected to inflamed SH joint
Steroids Local Anesthetics
PRP is for pain relief and anti-inflammatory t or f
f, Steroids Local Anesthetics
steroid local anesthetics common at _ _ _
common at knees, shoulder, & achilles tendon
DRUG ABSORPTION (3)
A. Bioavailability
B. Membrane Structure & Function
C. Movement across membrane barrier
Fraction of the unchanged drug reaching the
systemic circulation following administration by any route
BIOAVAILABILITY
Bioavailability is affected by the ff:
GI absorption
Plasma protein binding
Adipose tissue storage
Biotransformation
Elimination
if a drug is highly bound to a plasma protein, such as albumin and globulin,
there is high bioavailability t or f
f, poor availability
If they are stored in the fat, there is high bioavailability t or f
f, less bioavailability
if a drug is highly bound to a plasma protein, such as
_ and _, there is poor bioavailability
albumin and globulin
Once the drug is transformed, then less bioavailability t or f
t
If the drug has rapid elimination rate, then less bioavailability. t or f
t
If drugs are taken every 4 hours, there is long bioavailability t or f
f, short
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (2)
fluid mosaic model
Selective Barrier (Blood Brain Barrier)
Cell membrane is described like a whatmodel
fluid mosaic
cell membrane is a _ layer
bilipid
for a drug to pass through this layer, it needs to be in its _ form
lipid
Added protection for the brain so not all drugs
to toxic chemical can cross freely
Blood Brain Barrier
MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANE BARRIER (4)
Passive diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Special processes (endocytosis & exocytosis)
passive diffusion concentration from _ to _
high to low
Rate of diffusion depends on:
Permeability coefficient
Concentration gradient:
Area
Thickness
permeable membrane = _ diffusion, faster or slower?
faster
low to high concentration means better diffusion
f, high to low
larger area means better diffusion t or f
t
thicker cell membrane means
better diffusion
f, poorer if thicker
Can transfer from low to high concentration
active transport
active transport requires:
ATP
diffusuion that is energy dependent
active transport
Uses carrier proteins to facilitate diffusion from high to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion uses what kind of proteins
carrier
Cell membranes themselves can adapt according to need. t or f
t
If they want a drug to inside, they engulf the drug:
what special process is this
Endocytosis
If they want to bring toxins outside the cell, they release it
what special process is this
Exocytosis
