PHARMA_S1_L2 - 1-3 Flashcards
concentration (EC50) or dose (ED50) of a drug required to
produce 50% of a drug’s maximal effect
POTENCY
Maximum response to a drug
EFFICACY
Amount/dosage of drug needed to produce a given effect
potency
t or f Peak response we can get from a drug is called potency
f, efficacy
First thing to look for in a drug:
efficacy
t or f Drug that is more potent would need a greater amount to produce a given effect,
while a drug that is less potent would need a lesser amount to produce its effect
f, Drug that is less potent would need a greater amount to produce a given effect, while a drug that is more potent
would need a lesser amount to produce its effect
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE: what is the x axis
doses of drugs
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE: what is the y axis
different effects of drugs
There will come a time when you have reached the maximum effect (ceiling)
wherein no additional dose or concentration can produce further relief
of the low back pain. t or f
t
In the slope of the drug response curve will be _ effects.
therapeutic
Higher than the slope, it is still therapeutic effects but you already get the increased
risk of _
adverse effects
Able to provide the effect with the least amount of dose?
potency
Quantal Dose Response Curve: x axis
drug concentration in the plasma
Quantal Dose Response Curve: y axis
corresponding % of the individual responding.
t or f in quantal dose response curve, you will see the ED50.
t
Dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population
ED50 (Effective Dose 50)
Dose required to produce a toxic effect in 50% of the population
TD50 (Toxic Dose 50)
In between ED50 and TD50 is the _
therapeutic index
Computation of therapeutic index:
TD50/ED50
If therapeutic index is __: the dose of the drug that produces the
therapeutic effect are very far from the dose that will cause a toxic effect
wide
what drugs have wide therapeutic index
OTC drugs
Therapeutic dose is near from the toxic dose in OTC drugs. t or f
f, away
cancer chemotherapeutic drugs has what therapeutic index?
narrow therapeutic index
therapeutic index define
Ratio of median toxic dose ( TD50) to median effective dose ( ED50)
Some books say that therapeutic window and therapeutic index are the same. t or f
t
Range of doses by which we see the efficacy of the drug
without seeing the toxic effects of the drug
THERAPEUTIC WINDOW
where you can start with the lowest effective dose and it also
encompasses the dose where you have the lowest toxic effect.
THERAPEUTIC WINDOW
therapeutic index is bad t or f
f, It is not saying that the therapeutic index is bad because you can get good or better effects from the drugs, but you run the risk of getting more adverse effects.
otc drugs stay within the therapeutic window t or f
t
Lethal effect is far t or f
t
3 effects of doses
therapeutic effect, toxic effect, & lethal effect
Routes of Administration
A. Alimentary
B. Non-alimentary
GI tract route of administration is called:
Alimentary
anything outside the GI tract
non alimentary
forms of drugs (routes of admin) - 7
A. Oral
B. Sublingual
C. Rectal
D. Inhalational
E. Topical
F. Transdermal
G. Injection
route of admin By mouth
ORAL
oral forms Available in _ _ _ _
tablet, capsule, liquid, syrups
when you say per orem what does it mean
by mouth
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL
Convenient
Self-administered
Economical
Drugs in oral forms are the cheapest t or f
t
The most expensive kind of drugs are __
intravenous
forms
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL
Limited
Gastric irritation
Gastric contents
Consciousness
First pass effect
Drugs in oral can cause _ or even
_ (gastric irritation), can even lead to ulceration
hyperacidity, gastritis
if meds are taken before breakfast, then food does not affect absorption t or f
f, “Drink before breakfast” → the gastric contents or
the food that is present there will limit the absorption
“Drink before breakfast” → the gastric contents or the food that is present
there will limit the absorption → ??
↓ Bioavailability
“Take it after meals”
pls explain what does this mean
food does not affect absorption,
but you take it after meals because it can cause gastric irritation
If pt is comatose, the pt cannot take medicines orally so give what form of med?
intravenous
forms
It indicates that the moment you take the drug,
it goes first to the liver before getting to
systemic circulation.
first pass effect
first pass effect indicates that the moment you take the drug,
it goes first to the __ before getting to
systemic circulation.
liver
The _ metabolizes the drugs.
liver
By the time the drugs is absorbed, _
already starts to happen
metabolism
Oral drugs go to the liver first, partially
metabolized before going to _
systemic circulation
oral drugs have higher bioavilability t or f
f, lower
drugs that are put under the tongue
SUBLINGUAL
oral forms of drug have an immediate effect t or f
f, it takes 30-45 minutes
oral forms take how many minutes to have an efffect
30 to 45
ADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL
Fairly rapid onset
Avoids first pass effect
DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL
Salivation
Limited
after how many minutes, the sublingual will take an effect
10 mins
These sublingual drugs are small and when you put it
under the tongue, it dissolves long t or f
f, dissolves immediately
sublingual drugs are absorbed by the __
venous plexes
sublingual avoids _
first pass effect
EXAMPLES OF SUBLINGUAL
Anti-htn medications
Analgesics (NSAID)
Drug for myocardial infarction (MI)
drug for MI
nitroglycerin
sublingual meds are mostly for __
emergency purposes
t or f you can put biogesic under your tongue
f
rectal is aeffective alternative for:
○ Comatose
○ Those who cannot swallow
○ Uncooperative
DISADVANTAGES OF RECTAL
limited
unpredictable
local irritation
Rectal Meds are called _.
suppositories
EXAMPLES OF RECTAL
● Fever medications for children
● Seizure disorders in children
