Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards by Kate Guiremand

what are some considerations with ruminant anesthesia

economic factors (fied vs. hospital; standing vs GA; pet vs production)

welfare considerations (pain management)

drug licensing (withdrawal times, human health)

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what are some advantages of a local vs general anesthesia

animals often stoical and well handled

avoid risks of GA

less expensive for farmer and can be performed on farm

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what is a posible disadvantage to local vs GA

time frame limited by duration of action of local anesthestic

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how long should large ruminants be fasted

NPO 12-18 hours

no water for 8-12 hours

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how long should sheep and goats be fasted before anesthesia

NPO 12-18 hours

no water for 4 hours

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how long should calves, lambs, and kids be fasted

animals < 1 month of age are not starved

>1month may have food withheld for 2-4 hours

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T/F <2 months of age are monogastrics

True

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what are some common problems in rumenant anesthesia

regurgitation and aspiration

ruminal tympany

salivation

cardio-respiratory effects

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how can you minimize the risk of aspiration

intubate as quickly as possible

use cuffed ET tube

enable drainage from mouth during GA

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T/F bloat can occur due to continuous gas production and not being able to eructate during GA

True

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how can gas production be reduced

starvation

do not feed highly fermentable foods prior to GA

may place stomach tube and have trochar availablr

do NOT use N2O

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what are some management techniques for dealing with salivation

mantain poll above muzzle

infuse LRS during anesthesia

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what are some CV effects associated with the rumen/viscera

press on diaphgram

reduction in FRC - increase risk of hypoxemia

absence of eructation - build up of gas, reduction in venous return and hypotension

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T/F myopathy/neuropathy is a common problem like in equines

False

not as common as equines

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T/F the build up of gas in the rumen can decrease venous return and cause hypotension

true

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when vessels are typically used in IVC placement

jugular vein - most common

cephalic, auricular vessels can also be used

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what size catheter should be used

adult cattle: 12-14 gauge

calves, sheep, goats: 16-18 gauge

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if a premedication is used you should …..

make sure someone stays with the animal

ideally keep head elevated

maintain sternal recumbency

what are two disadvantages to acepromazine

may increase risk of regurgitation

contraindicated in hypovolemic animals

T/F alpha 2 agonists are not recommended in sheep and goats

True

pulmonary effects - bronchconstriction, increased vascular resistance, pulmonary edema

ruminants are more/less sensitive to xylazine than horses

more

use 1/10th the dose, herefords and brahmans more sensitive

which species of rumenants are the most sensitve to xylazine

goats

advantages of detomidine

less risk of abortion

suitible for darting less tractable individuals (can be given IM)

benzodiazepines

mild sedatives

no analgesic effect

few CV and respiratory effects

what reversal agent is used with benzodiazepines

flumazenil

T/F anticholinergics (atropine/gylcopyrrolate) can be used to reduce saliva production

**False** makes more viscid - more difficult to manage

common analesics

NSAIDs (carprofen, meloxicam, flunixin) local anesthetics (procaine/lidocaine, bupivacaine) Opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine, morphine)

common induction agents

ketamine telazol propofol alfaxalone

how should large rumanents be intubated

direct palpation may use stomach tube as a guide for ET tube high right tracheal bronchus - watch tube length

two techniques for intubating small ruminants

blind - external palpation direct visualization + laryngoscope

which confirguration should be used for ECG

base - apex

which arteries is most commonly used in direct arterial BP measurement

auricular arteries most common | (sheep lab uses median)

T/F exhaled methane may affect accuracy of capnograph readings

**True**

how should ruminants be positioned

limbs parallel to ground pull lower leg forwards and try to minimize pressure on radial nerve in lateral recumbency head down to allow drainage from mouth

in cases of tympany the animal should be placed in ______ recumbancy

**sternal** enable eructation

T/F hypothermia is a consern for small ruminants and calves during recovery

**True**

what are some specied differences in handling camels and camelids

they can bite, spit and kick

what are some hematological and biochemical differences seen in camels and camelids

higher erythrocyte count lower mean corpuscular volume

T/F the esophagus in camels and camelids lies to the left of midline

**True** aim to the right for venepuncture

T/F llamas are obligate nasal breathers

**True**

T/F for oral intubation of camels and camelids direct visualization of larynx is required

**True** nasal intubation is also possible

when can you extubate camels and camelids

when the animal can withdraw its tongue

what drugs are used for sedation in camel and camelids

alpha 2 agonists - xylazine and medetomidine, +/- torb diazepam + torb in pediattric animals

induction agents for camels and camelids

guaiphenesin + ketamine propofol has also been used