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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Equine Anesthesia > Flashcards

Equine Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

anesthestic risk of mortality increased in:

A

repair with internal fixation (screws and plates)

last 1/3 of pregnancy

laparotomy (colic surgery)

Sx >4hrs

>1 month or <12 years of age

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2
Q

T/F premedication with acepromazine was associated with reduced risk of anesthetic death

A

True

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3
Q

what are the 2 common causes of anesthetic death

A

cardiac arrest and post-operative collapse

fractures and myopathies

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4
Q

according to Dugdale et al. what was the biggest cause of anesthetic related mortality in horses

A

fractures and dislocations

risk increased during recovery

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5
Q

what are common procedures that can be performed in a standing horse

A

dental/sinus procedures

laparoscopy

epidural anaesthesia/analgesia

wounds closures

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6
Q

what are some advantages of standing anesthesia

A

cheaper, faster and less risk to horse

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7
Q

what is the normal heart rate for a horse

A

20-45 bts/min

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8
Q

what is the most common arrhythmia in fit horses

A

2° AV block (mobitz type I)

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9
Q

What respiratory disease is common in horses over 10yrs, housed indoors?

A

COPD

crackles and wheezes, medical tx prior to anesthesia, +/- bronchodilators

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10
Q

3 methods for obtaining a weight

A

weighbridge

tape

estimate

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11
Q

T/F horses should be given tetanus toxoid, antibiotics and NSAIDs pre-op

A

True

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12
Q

T/F picking out feet +/- remove shoes, rinse mouth, and grooming are all part of the pre-op preparation

A

True

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13
Q

T/F never anesthetize an unsedate horse

A

True

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14
Q

indications for Acepromazine as a pre-med

A

provides tranquilization

cardioprotective

reduce risk of anesthetic mortality

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15
Q

contraindications of acepromazine

A

hypovolemic - colic

young foals

breeding stallions - priapism

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16
Q

what is a mainstay premed in adult horses

A

alpha 2 agonists

IV, IM, transmucosally, SQ

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17
Q

what are some signs of sedation

A

head down

droopy lips

sleepy

wide-based stance

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18
Q

what are the side effects of opioids in horses

A

decreased GI motility

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19
Q

when are benzodiazepines used

A

tranquilisation of foals (1-2months of age)

few CV and resp effects

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20
Q

what is the aim for induction

A

quiet environment

controlled

slow

gentle

Ketamine - slower effect, tend to sit back

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21
Q

main options for induction

A

free fall/assisted

swing gate

tilt table

sling

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22
Q

T/F for orthopedic conditions, the affected leg should be positioned away from the wall

A

True

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23
Q

why is propofol not typically used

A

large volume of drug needed

cost

24
Q

T/F telazol gives good induction after alpha 2 premed but the recovery is poor

A

True

25
Q

T/F intubation is usually performed blindly

A

True

26
Q

how do you intubate horses

A

gag helpful to open mouth

extend neck

need to go in midline

dislocate epiglottis from soft palate

27
Q

advantages of TIVA vs inhalant

A

no special requirement

used in field or OR

minimal CV/resp depression

lower M&M

pollution risk low

28
Q

disadvantages of TIVA vs inhalant

A

all drugs need to be metabolized

some have active metabolites

max duration 2 hrs

not easy to control anaesthetic depth

29
Q

what does TIVA consist of

A

GG (muscle relaxant)

alpha 2 agonist

ketamine

30
Q

which ECG lead configuration should be used

A

base-apex

lead 1

31
Q

which arteries are used for arterial blood pressure

A

facial

transverse facial

digital

32
Q

ideal MAP

A

>70 mmHg

33
Q

what does arteria blood pressure provide information about

A

perfusion

34
Q

what does pulse ox measure?

A

hemoglobin saturation

35
Q

what is the minimum acceptible value for pulse ox

A

90%

36
Q

advantages of pulse ox

A

quick and easy to apply

non-invasive

continuous

37
Q

what does respiratory gas monitoring include

A

PaCO2

PaO2

ETAA

Resp. rate

38
Q

how can depth of anesthesia be assessed

A

eye position - one eye central, one rotated back or forward; slow palpebral reflex, lacrimation

anal tone

no limb movement

no swallowing

no nystagmus

39
Q

problems during equine anesthesia

A

hypotension

hypoventilation

hypoxemia

recovery - myopathy, neuropathy, spinal cord malacia, recovery quality

40
Q

how can you treat hypotension under anesthesia

A

reduce vaporizer setting

increase rate of fluid administration

use vasoactive drugs

41
Q

what is the main cause of hypoxemia

A

V:Q mismatch

relate to shape of horses diaphragm, position during anesthesia

42
Q

how do you prevent/treat hypoxemia

A

increased FiO2

mechanical ventilation

use of beta 2 agonist

change position (head up)

reduce pressure from abdominal contents (starve pre-op)

43
Q

prevention of myopathy

A

monitor arterial pressure and maintain (minimum MAP of 70 mmHg)

44
Q

prevention of myopath and neuropathy

A

padding

positioning - lateral lower limb pulled forward, limbs parallel to ground, remove head collar

45
Q

causes of post operative myopathy

A

muscle ischemia and inadequate perfusion

MAP <70 mmHg

hypoxemia

vasconstriction

prolonged anesthesia (>2 hrs)

larger horses

compartment syndrome

46
Q

problems in recovery

A

excitement/disorientation (fractures, abrasions)

post anaesthetic myopathy

respiratory obstruction

neuropathic paralysis

haemorrhagic myelopathy

47
Q

T/F longer recovery, shorter and less invasive surgery = better recovery

A

true

48
Q

types of recovery

A

unassisted

manually assisted - head and tail ropes

felating air pillow

large animal vertical lift

sling recovery

pool recovery

49
Q

T/F donkies metabolize some drugs more rapidly than horses

A

True

NSAIDs - require more frequent dosing

50
Q

T/F donkies more stoical and tolerant of intervention than horses and may be suitable for standing procedures

A

True

51
Q

donkies are more/less sensitive to alpha 2 agonist

A

more

52
Q

donkies metabolise ketamine more/less rapidly and are more/less sensitive to guaifensin than horses

A

More

53
Q

how does intubation differ in donkies vs horses

A

anatomically different

more difficult due to angle of larynx

may need endoscope

54
Q

T/F blood pressure is a more sensitive indicator of anesthetic depth in donkies than in horses

A

True

55
Q

donkey recovery

A

slower and more control than horses

less need to sedate

rise like cattle - hind end first

RUSVM Anesthesiology (39 decks)

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