Cardiovascular Drugs

Question 1

CO depends on

Answer 1

heart rate

stroke volume

CO = HR x SV

Question 2

what does stroke volume depend on

Answer 2

preload, afterload, and contractility

Question 3

increased afterload →______CO

Answer 3

increased afterload → decreased CO

Question 4

drugs that target heart rate

Answer 4

anticholinergics

antiarrhythmics

too low, too high or irregular → decreased CO

Question 5

drugs that target contractility

Answer 5

inotropes

Question 6

drugs that target afterload/preload

Answer 6

pressors

Question 7

which muscarinic receptor acts on the heart

Answer 7

M2

Question 8

clinical indications for anticholinergics

Answer 8

bradycardia secondary to increased vagal tone

Question 9

side effects of anticholinergics

Answer 9

GI - increase viscosity of saliva, ileus, colic

CNS - sedation

respiratory - bronchodilation

ophthalmic - mydriasis

Question 10

paradoxical bradycardia

Answer 10

blockade of presynaptic inhibitory M1 receptors on vagus

increased Ach release

initially overcomes sinoatrial M2 blockade provided by anticholinergic

Question 11

lidocaine

Answer 11

class 1B anti-arrhythmics

Na channel blocker

used for ventricular arrhythmias

Question 12

criteria for treating with anti-arrhythmics

Answer 12

hypotension/inadequate perfusion

R on T phenomenon

multiple VPCs

HR > 180

Question 13

beta-blockers

Answer 13

class II anti-arrhythmics

used for severe sinus or supraventricular tachycardia

Question 14

when are beta blockers typically used

Answer 14

tachycardia associated with pheochromocytoma

Question 15

most pressors/inotropes act on adrenergic receptors except:

Answer 15

vasopressin

Question 16

α-1 and α-2 receptors cause

Answer 16

vasconstriction

Question 17

β-1 receptors

Answer 17

heart

increased inotropy and chronotropy

Question 18

β-2 receptors

Answer 18

blood vessels and bronchi

vasodilation and bronchodilation

“have 1 heart and 2 lungs”

Question 19

α overstimulation

Answer 19

vasoconstriction, decreased perfusion, increased cardiac workload

Question 20

β-1 overstimulation

Answer 20

tachyarrhythmia, increased myocardial O2 demand

Question 21

β-2 overstimulation

Answer 21

vasodilation, decreased perload

Question 22

Primary α

Answer 22

phenylephrine

Question 23

Primary β

Answer 23

dobutamine

isoproterenol

Question 24

mixed α and β

Answer 24

dopamine

ephedrine

Norepi

Epi

Question 25

what are some strategies for hypotension

Answer 25

evaluate patient and turn down the vaporizer

if light → MAC-sparing drug then turn down vaporizer (opioids, benzos, lidocaine, ketamine, etc)

cyrstalloid fluid bolus

Question 26

what is the common first line treatment for hypotension in cats

Answer 26

dopamine

Question 27

what is used topically for nasal edema in horses

Answer 27

phenylephrine

Question 28

which drug is commonly used in equine anesthesia (~100% of horses under inhalant GA)