Age Considerations

Question 1

neonatal age in dogs

Answer 1

<6 weeks

Question 2

neonatal age in foals and calves

Answer 2

<2 weeks

Question 3

pediatric age

Answer 3

up tp 12 weeks

Question 4

after ______ weeks organ systems are nearly developed

Answer 4

12 weeks

Question 5

T/F neonatal and pediatric animals have a minimal ability to increase contractility

Answer 5

True

dependent on heart rate for cardiac output

Question 6

respiratory changes in younger animals

Answer 6

high resting respiratory rate / minute ventilation (d/t increased O2 demand)

greater work of breathing (flexable chest wall)

minimal pulmonary reserve

Question 7

PCV ________ in first 28 days in small animals

Answer 7

decreases 1/3

blood loss → significant decrease in O2 delivery to tissues

Question 8

T/F highly protein-bound drugs will have greater activity in young animals

Answer 8

true

d/t hypoalbuminemia

Question 9

2 factors that can prolong drug effect in young animals

Answer 9

deficient hepatic microsomal enzymes

decreased GFR

Question 10

young animals are susceptible to hypo/hyperglycemia

Answer 10

hypoglycemia

high metabolism and minimal hepatic glycogen

Question 11

appropriate analgesia is _______ for any age patient

Answer 11

IMPORTANT!

pain experience as a neonate may cause altered pain processing/perception for life

Question 12

pre-anesthetic basics in young animals

Answer 12

PE and quads (PCV/TS, glu, azostick)

no fasting for nursing

otherwise fast 3-4 hours

Question 13

T/F anything given IV may also be given IO

Answer 13

True

fluids, blood products, drugs, etc

Question 14

which sedatives are not recommended in young animals

Answer 14

phenothiazines

alpha-2 agonists

Question 15

which sedatives maintain resp and CV function and are recommended in young animals

Answer 15

benzodiazepines

Question 16

in general opioids are a good choice for analgesia +/- sedation, but which opioid may you want to avoid in young animals

Answer 16

buprenorphine

long DOA and is poorly reversible

Question 17

why are anticholinergics given with premeds in young animals

Answer 17

neonates/pediatrics depend on HR for CO

give PRN intra-op - bradycardia should be agressively treated

Question 18

older animals have a limited ability to increase their heart rate due to ______

Answer 18

beta receptors are less resposive

Question 19

NSAIDs are/are not recommended in young animals

Answer 19

are not recommended

immature hepatic and renal function

Question 20

T/F foals may be induced with iso/sevo via nasotracheal tube

Answer 20

True

smooth induction, minimal environmental contamination; unable to smell gass d/t tube

Question 21

BP in awake 1 month old puppies

Answer 21

50 mmHg

Question 22

why do you need to be careful with fluid administration in young animals

Answer 22

higher daily fluid requirement but less tolerant of fluid overload

Question 23

definition of geriatric

Answer 23

animals that are considered older than 75% of expected life span

• dogs: 7-10*
• cats: 10-12*
• horses: 18-20*

Question 24

what do giatric patients rely on to increase CO

Answer 24

increased SV

Question 25

CV changes in geriatric patients

Answer 25

decreased: atrial complience, myocardial complience, maximum heart rate & cardiac output

may have valvular incompetence

Question 26

when in doubt: in older animals, everything is ______

Answer 26

DECREASED!

gas exchange, PaO2, liver mass/drug clearance, GFR, [urine], MAC, muscle mass, plasma volume, metabolic rate …….

Question 27

what should be evaluated thoroughly in geriatrics

Answer 27

liver and kidney function

Question 28

can phenothiazines and alpha 2 agonist be used in older patients

Answer 28

yes

if healthy, use conservative dosing d/t CV effects

Question 29

benzodiazepines have better/worse sedation in geriatrics than young animals

Answer 29

better

Question 30

what is the most appriate sedative for old pissed off cats

Answer 30

alfaxalone

Question 31

are anticholinergics recommended as a routine premed in geriatrics

Answer 31

No!

can use for procedures causing vagal stimulation (optho, GI), PRN for bradycardia

Question 32

which induction agent should be avoided in CRF cats

Answer 32

Ketamine

renally excreted, also avoid in cats with heart disease (can preciptiate CHF)

Question 33

what should MAP be in geriatrics with renal disease

Answer 33

>70 mmHg