Age Considerations Flashcards
neonatal age in dogs
<6 weeks
neonatal age in foals and calves
<2 weeks
pediatric age
up tp 12 weeks
after ______ weeks organ systems are nearly developed
12 weeks
T/F neonatal and pediatric animals have a minimal ability to increase contractility
True
dependent on heart rate for cardiac output
respiratory changes in younger animals
high resting respiratory rate / minute ventilation (d/t increased O2 demand)
greater work of breathing (flexable chest wall)
minimal pulmonary reserve
PCV ________ in first 28 days in small animals
decreases 1/3
blood loss → significant decrease in O2 delivery to tissues
T/F highly protein-bound drugs will have greater activity in young animals
true
d/t hypoalbuminemia
2 factors that can prolong drug effect in young animals
deficient hepatic microsomal enzymes
decreased GFR
young animals are susceptible to hypo/hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia
high metabolism and minimal hepatic glycogen
appropriate analgesia is _______ for any age patient
IMPORTANT!
pain experience as a neonate may cause altered pain processing/perception for life
pre-anesthetic basics in young animals
PE and quads (PCV/TS, glu, azostick)
no fasting for nursing
otherwise fast 3-4 hours
T/F anything given IV may also be given IO
True
fluids, blood products, drugs, etc
which sedatives are not recommended in young animals
phenothiazines
alpha-2 agonists
which sedatives maintain resp and CV function and are recommended in young animals
benzodiazepines
in general opioids are a good choice for analgesia +/- sedation, but which opioid may you want to avoid in young animals
buprenorphine
long DOA and is poorly reversible
why are anticholinergics given with premeds in young animals
neonates/pediatrics depend on HR for CO
give PRN intra-op - bradycardia should be agressively treated
older animals have a limited ability to increase their heart rate due to ______
beta receptors are less resposive
NSAIDs are/are not recommended in young animals
are not recommended
immature hepatic and renal function
T/F foals may be induced with iso/sevo via nasotracheal tube
True
smooth induction, minimal environmental contamination; unable to smell gass d/t tube
BP in awake 1 month old puppies
50 mmHg
why do you need to be careful with fluid administration in young animals
higher daily fluid requirement but less tolerant of fluid overload
definition of geriatric
animals that are considered older than 75% of expected life span
- dogs: 7-10*
- cats: 10-12*
- horses: 18-20*
what do giatric patients rely on to increase CO
increased SV
CV changes in geriatric patients
decreased: atrial complience, myocardial complience, maximum heart rate & cardiac output
may have valvular incompetence
when in doubt: in older animals, everything is ______
DECREASED!
gas exchange, PaO2, liver mass/drug clearance, GFR, [urine], MAC, muscle mass, plasma volume, metabolic rate …….
what should be evaluated thoroughly in geriatrics
liver and kidney function
can phenothiazines and alpha 2 agonist be used in older patients
yes
if healthy, use conservative dosing d/t CV effects
benzodiazepines have better/worse sedation in geriatrics than young animals
better
what is the most appriate sedative for old pissed off cats
alfaxalone
are anticholinergics recommended as a routine premed in geriatrics
No!
can use for procedures causing vagal stimulation (optho, GI), PRN for bradycardia
which induction agent should be avoided in CRF cats
Ketamine
renally excreted, also avoid in cats with heart disease (can preciptiate CHF)
what should MAP be in geriatrics with renal disease
>70 mmHg
