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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Avian/Dinosaur Anesthesia > Flashcards

Avian/Dinosaur Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

T/F birds are viewed as the last surviving dinosaurs

A

True!

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2
Q

birds have better performing ______ and _______

A

cardiovascular system

respiratory system

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3
Q

birds don’t tolerate _____ and ____ well

A

apnea

bradycardia

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4
Q

gas exchange is more/less effected than in mammals

A

more

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5
Q

what kind of lungs do birds have

A

flow-through (non-expandable) parabronchial lung system

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6
Q

T/F birds dont have a diaphragm

A

True

muscles move sternum outward

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7
Q

ventilation and gas exchange are _____

A

separate

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8
Q

where should intraosseal injections not be given

A

pneumonatic bones (humerus, femur) - air sacs extend into them

inject in ulna and tibiotarsus

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9
Q

describe the respiratory cycle of a bird

A

both inspiration and expiration are active

two complete cycles of insp. and exp. needed

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10
Q

is it possible to intubate the abdominal air sacs and ventilate birds with ciontinuous flow?

A

yes

disadvantage: excessive CO2 removal and anesthetic pollution

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11
Q

T/F birds have countercurrent echange in flow-through ventilation

A

True

arterial blood and expired gas are not equilibrium

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12
Q

characterisitcs of counter-current flow mechanism

A

more effective gas exchange

higher ETCO2 than PaCO2

higher PaO2 than PAO2 (negative A-a gradient in birds)

inhalational anesthetic uptake more efficient

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13
Q

what is the dive response

A

water/diving birds may be affected

stress response

bradycardia and apnea up to 5 minutes

makes inhalant anesthetic induction difficult

may increase mortality

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14
Q

how can dive response be prevented

A

premedication

putting the whole head into the mask -not just beak

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15
Q

T/F some of the valves of the avian heart are muscular and innervated by Purkinjie fibers

A

True

extremely quick control, higher performance

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16
Q

what results in quick depolarization of avian heart

A

purkinje fibers penetrate the myocardium

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17
Q

birds have smaller/larger hearts, lower/higher HR and lower/higher BP and CO than similarly sized mammals

A

birds have smaller/larger hearts, lower/higher HR and lower/higher BP and CO than similarly sized mammals

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18
Q

T/F bords have a renal portal system that is similar to the hepatic portal system and recieves venous blood from the legs

A

True

not pbligaory and bypass is possible (controlled process)

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19
Q

why can drugs injected into the hind limbs have decreased potency?

A

may be metabolized in the kidney through the renal portal system

20
Q

what are the general recommendations for pre-anesthetic fasting

A

small birds should not be fasted

8-12 hours for larger species

crop must be empty

21
Q

sites for SQ injection

A

area over back, between the wings

wing web, and leg web

inguininal skinfold

22
Q

intramuscular injection sites

A

pectoral and thigh muscles

23
Q

IV injection sites

A

ulnar

dorsal metatarsal

jugular

in catheter

24
Q

what are some common premedications

A

opioid alone (torb or morphine)

opioid + benzodiazepine (good sedatives in many birds)

alpha 2 agonist - larger, aggressive species (caution: CV effects)

25
Q

there are more/less K opioid receptors in the birds brain than in mammals

A

more

butorphanol is effective analgesic and often used

26
Q

why is inhalational induction more common than injectable

A

difficult to gain IV access

27
Q

which inhalant anesthetic is preferred

A

Sevo

put whole head in mask - dive response

28
Q

which injectable agents can be used for induction

A

ketamine (with benzos)

propofol (caution: apea)

alfaxalone

29
Q

which injectable inducation agents can be given IM

A

ketamine

alfaxalone

30
Q

T/F intubation may be easy in birds and visibiliy of larynx is normally good

A

True

31
Q

T/F if a bird vocalizes during intubation it can indicate traumatic injury to the larynx

A

False

the syrinx (sound producing organ) is located in tracheobronchial junction and birds may vocalize when intubated

32
Q

T/F birds have an epiglottis

A

False

33
Q

why should you use non-cuffed tubes or not inflated the cuff of ET tube in birds

A

have complete tracheal rings

can be damaged by inflated ET tube

34
Q

in birds MAC =

A

minimum anesthetic concentration

35
Q

T/F isoflurane MAC values are comparable in avians and mammals

A
  • *True**
    1. 3-1.4%
36
Q

what is the maximum recommended dose of lidocaine

A

4 mg/kg

37
Q

what are the perferred routes of fluid administration

A

intravenous or intraosseous

SQ may be used

38
Q

T/F depolarization generates apex to base current flow resulting in large negative deflection on ECG (S-wave)

A

true

39
Q

bradycardia may occur in response to

A

drugs (opioids, alpha 2 agonists)

pain

hypothermia

40
Q

how can bradycardia be treated quickly

A

give atropine

acheive suffient anesthetic depth/analgesia

warm up

41
Q

why are pulse oximeters inaccurate in birds

A

have nucleated RBCs

42
Q

what is the only accurate method to assess oxygenation

A

arterial blood gas analysis

43
Q

birds have a small lung volue therefore apnea may lead to _____

A

desaturation

monitor ventilation and oxygenation vigilantly and act quickly

44
Q

T/F overheating may be fatal to birds

A

True

measure rectal temp regularly

45
Q

what should be provided at recovery

A

stress free environment

proper handling

analgesia

warming if needed

antidotes may be considered

incubator in a quite isolated place is ideal

46
Q

what are some pain behaviors seen in birds

A

crouching and immobility

failure to dust bath

under or over-grooming of feathers

separation from the flock

47
Q

T/F NSAIDs can potentially be toxic to birds

A

True

wide range of avian species → large differences in safe drugs and doses

read up on specific recommendations for each species

RUSVM Anesthesiology (39 decks)

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