Avian/Dinosaur Anesthesia

Question 1

T/F birds are viewed as the last surviving dinosaurs

Answer 1

True!

Question 2

birds have better performing ______ and _______

Answer 2

cardiovascular system

respiratory system

Question 3

birds don’t tolerate _____ and ____ well

Answer 3

apnea

bradycardia

Question 4

gas exchange is more/less effected than in mammals

Answer 4

more

Question 5

what kind of lungs do birds have

Answer 5

flow-through (non-expandable) parabronchial lung system

Question 6

T/F birds dont have a diaphragm

Answer 6

True

muscles move sternum outward

Question 7

ventilation and gas exchange are _____

Answer 7

separate

Question 8

where should intraosseal injections not be given

Answer 8

pneumonatic bones (humerus, femur) - air sacs extend into them

inject in ulna and tibiotarsus

Question 9

describe the respiratory cycle of a bird

Answer 9

both inspiration and expiration are active

two complete cycles of insp. and exp. needed

Question 10

is it possible to intubate the abdominal air sacs and ventilate birds with ciontinuous flow?

Answer 10

yes

disadvantage: excessive CO2 removal and anesthetic pollution

Question 11

T/F birds have countercurrent echange in flow-through ventilation

Answer 11

True

arterial blood and expired gas are not equilibrium

Question 12

characterisitcs of counter-current flow mechanism

Answer 12

more effective gas exchange

higher ETCO2 than PaCO2

higher PaO2 than PAO2 (negative A-a gradient in birds)

inhalational anesthetic uptake more efficient

Question 13

what is the dive response

Answer 13

water/diving birds may be affected

stress response

bradycardia and apnea up to 5 minutes

makes inhalant anesthetic induction difficult

may increase mortality

Question 14

how can dive response be prevented

Answer 14

premedication

putting the whole head into the mask -not just beak

Question 15

T/F some of the valves of the avian heart are muscular and innervated by Purkinjie fibers

Answer 15

True

extremely quick control, higher performance

Question 16

what results in quick depolarization of avian heart

Answer 16

purkinje fibers penetrate the myocardium

Question 17

birds have smaller/larger hearts, lower/higher HR and lower/higher BP and CO than similarly sized mammals

Answer 17

birds have smaller/larger hearts, lower/higher HR and lower/higher BP and CO than similarly sized mammals

Question 18

T/F bords have a renal portal system that is similar to the hepatic portal system and recieves venous blood from the legs

Answer 18

True

not pbligaory and bypass is possible (controlled process)

Question 19

why can drugs injected into the hind limbs have decreased potency?

Answer 19

may be metabolized in the kidney through the renal portal system

Question 20

what are the general recommendations for pre-anesthetic fasting

Answer 20

small birds should not be fasted

8-12 hours for larger species

crop must be empty

Question 21

sites for SQ injection

Answer 21

area over back, between the wings

wing web, and leg web

inguininal skinfold

Question 22

intramuscular injection sites

Answer 22

pectoral and thigh muscles

Question 23

IV injection sites

Answer 23

ulnar

dorsal metatarsal

jugular

in catheter

Question 24

what are some common premedications

Answer 24

opioid alone (torb or morphine)

opioid + benzodiazepine (good sedatives in many birds)

alpha 2 agonist - larger, aggressive species (caution: CV effects)

Question 25

there are more/less K opioid receptors in the birds brain than in mammals

Answer 25

**more** butorphanol is effective analgesic and often used

Question 26

why is inhalational induction more common than injectable

Answer 26

difficult to gain IV access

Question 27

which inhalant anesthetic is preferred

Answer 27

Sevo put whole head in mask - dive response

Question 28

which injectable agents can be used for induction

Answer 28

ketamine (with benzos) propofol (caution: apea) alfaxalone

Question 29

which injectable inducation agents can be given IM

Answer 29

ketamine alfaxalone

Question 30

T/F intubation may be easy in birds and visibiliy of larynx is normally good

Answer 30

**True**

Question 31

T/F if a bird vocalizes during intubation it can indicate traumatic injury to the larynx

Answer 31

**False** the syrinx (sound producing organ) is located in tracheobronchial junction and birds may vocalize when intubated

Question 32

T/F birds have an epiglottis

Answer 32

**False**

Question 33

why should you use non-cuffed tubes or not inflated the cuff of ET tube in birds

Answer 33

have complete tracheal rings can be damaged by inflated ET tube

Question 34

in birds MAC =

Answer 34

minimum anesthetic concentration

Question 35

T/F isoflurane MAC values are comparable in avians and mammals

Answer 35

* *True** 1. 3-1.4%

Question 36

what is the maximum recommended dose of lidocaine

Answer 36

4 mg/kg

Question 37

what are the perferred routes of fluid administration

Answer 37

intravenous or intraosseous SQ may be used

Question 38

T/F depolarization generates apex to base current flow resulting in large negative deflection on ECG (S-wave)

Answer 38

**true**

Question 39

bradycardia may occur in response to

Answer 39

drugs (opioids, alpha 2 agonists) pain hypothermia

Question 40

how can bradycardia be treated quickly

Answer 40

give atropine acheive suffient anesthetic depth/analgesia warm up

Question 41

why are pulse oximeters inaccurate in birds

Answer 41

have nucleated RBCs

Question 42

what is the only accurate method to assess oxygenation

Answer 42

arterial blood gas analysis

Question 43

birds have a small lung volue therefore apnea may lead to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

**desaturation** monitor ventilation and oxygenation vigilantly and act quickly

Question 44

T/F overheating may be fatal to birds

Answer 44

**True** measure rectal temp regularly

Question 45

what should be provided at recovery

Answer 45

stress free environment proper handling analgesia warming if needed antidotes may be considered **incubator in a quite isolated place is ideal**

Question 46

what are some pain behaviors seen in birds

Answer 46

crouching and immobility failure to dust bath under or over-grooming of feathers separation from the flock

Question 47

T/F NSAIDs can potentially be toxic to birds

Answer 47

**True** wide range of avian species → large differences in safe drugs and doses read up on specific recommendations for each species