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z:Physl 210A/B > RS Lec 1 > Flashcards

RS Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system major function

A

-provides O2 + eliminates CO2

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2
Q

Respiratory system minor functions

A
  • protects against microbial infection (filtering action)
  • regulates blood pH with kidneys
  • phonation: production of vocal sound/speech
  • olfaction: sense of smell
  • reservoir for blood
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3
Q

Structures that make up the respiratory system

A
  • upper airways
  • trachea
  • lungs (bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli)
  • muscles of respiration
  • ribcage + pleura
  • CNS
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4
Q

trachea anatomy

A
  • C shape cartilage (anterior-front)

- smooth muscle (posterior-back)

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5
Q

primary bronchi anatomy

A

-plates of cartilage & smooth muscle

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6
Q

bronchioles + terminal bronchioles anatomy

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

Airways beyond larynx divided in 2 zones:

A
  • conducting zone

- respiratory zone

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8
Q

Conducting zone

A
  • leads gas to gas exchanging region of the lungs
  • anatomical dead gas (150 ml)
  • no alveoli=nog gas exchange
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9
Q

Respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange occurs

-has alveoli

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10
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

-smallest airay without alveoli (conducting zone)

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11
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

-has alveoli (respiratory zone)

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12
Q

23 generations of respiratory system

A
  • trachea=0
  • bronchi=1
  • terminal bronchioles= 5-16
  • respiratory bronchioles= 17-19
  • alveolar sacs= 23
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13
Q

↑ generations…

A
  • ↑ number, ↑ total cross-sectional area

- ↓ diameter size

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14
Q

Order of structures in lung

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
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15
Q

Order of structures in lung- conducting zone

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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16
Q

Order of structures in lung- respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
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17
Q

alveoli (def.)

A

-tiny, thin walled, capillary-rich sac in lungs for O2 + CO2 exchange

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18
Q

alveoli and capillaries (number)

A
  • 500 million in human lungs (1/3 mm in diameter), highly vascularized
  • 280 billion capillaries (70 ml of blood at rest, 200 ml working)
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19
Q

Alveoli surface

A
  • lined by continuous monolayer type I alveolar cells (most of surface)
  • type II alveolar cells (7%)
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20
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A
  • most of alveoli

- does not divide, easily harmed by toxins

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21
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A
  • produce surfactant (detergent: contains lipoproteins)- reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
  • progenitor cells in injury to type I cells, multiply + differentiate into type I cells
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22
Q

network of capillaries (alveoli)

A
  • 7-10 um in diameter (enough space for RBC)

- small interstitial space (connective tissue + interstitial fluids)

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23
Q

RBC time in capillary network

A

-0.75 s – passes 2-3 alveoli

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24
Q

thickness of respiratory membrane

A
  • 0.2- 0.5 um thick _esaily damaged - transfer O2+ CO2 (diffusion)
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25
Q

Steps of respiration

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Exchange of O2 + CO2 between alveoli + blood in capillaries (diffusion)
  3. Transport of O2 + CO2 through blood (bulk flow)
  4. Exchange of O2 + CO2 in tissues (diffusion)
  5. Cellular respiration
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26
Q

Ventilation (def.)

A

exchange of air btw atmosphere + alveoli by bulk flow due to changes in gas pressure

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27
Q

Ventilation steps

A
  1. CNS sends excitatory signals to respiratory muscles
  2. Muscles contract rhythmically
  3. Changes in volume + pressures at chest & lung
  4. Air flows in and out the lungs
28
Q

Respiratory muscles types

A
  • pump muscles
  • airway muscles
  • accessory muscles
29
Q

inspiratory pump muscles

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • parasternal
30
Q

expiratory pump muscles

A
  • internal intercostals

- abdominals

31
Q

inspiratory airway muscles

A
  • tongue protruders (genioglossus)
  • alae nasi
  • muscles arounds airways (pharynx, larynx)
32
Q

expiratory airway muscles

A

-constrictors muscles around airways (pharynx, larynx)

33
Q

inspiratory accessory muscles

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalene
  • pectoralis
34
Q

diaphragm (def.)

A

-dome shaped muscle that flattens during contraction (INS)

35
Q

diaphragm action

A

abdominal contents are forced down and forward

-ribcage is widened = increase in volume of thorax

36
Q

external intercostals action

A

-contract + pull ribs upward increasing lateral (sideways) volume of the thorax- “bucket handle motion”

37
Q

parasternal intercostals action

A

-contract + pull sternum forward, increase anterior posterior dimension of ribcage- “pump handle motion”

38
Q

abdominals list

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • rectus abdominis
  • transversus abdominis
39
Q

abdominals regular function

A

-relaxed at rest, involved in other physiological functions (coughing, vomiting, defecation, posture)

40
Q

(abdominals) deeper, faster breathing requires

A
  • active contraction of abdominal & internal intercostal muscles to return lung to resting position (exercise)
41
Q

Internal intercostal muscles action

A
  • relaxed at rest

- exercise: pull ribcage down, ↓ thoracic volume

42
Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

A
  • contribute very little to quiet breathing at rest

- contract vigorously during exercise/forced respiration

43
Q

sternocleidomastoid action

A

-raise the sternum

44
Q

scalenes action

A

-elevate upper ribs

45
Q

pectoralis

A

-elevates ribs

46
Q

regular (quiet) inspiration

A
  • external intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out

- diaphragm contracts

47
Q

forced inspiration

A
  • sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum
  • pectoralis minor elevates ribs
  • diaphragm contracts more
48
Q

regular (quiet) expiration

A
  • diaphragm relax

- abdominal organs recoil and press diaphragm upward

49
Q

forced expiration

A
  • abdominal wall muscles contract + press organs upward into diaphragm
  • posterior internal intercostals pull ribs down and inward
50
Q

Upper airways muscles contribute to

A

-opening the upper airways + reduce airway resistance

51
Q

Upper airway muscles list

A
  • tongue protruders
  • alae nasi
  • pharyngeal and laryngeal dilators (inspiratory)
  • pharyngeal and laryngeal constrictors (expiratory)
52
Q

obstructive sleep apnea definition

A

-reduction in upper airway openness (patency) during sleep

53
Q

obstructive sleep apnea symptoms

A

snoring, apneas, sleep disturbances

54
Q

obstructive sleep apnea causes

A
  • anatomical defects

- reduction in muscle tone

55
Q

obstructive sleep apnea treatment

A

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)- mask over nose to keep air passage open

56
Q

conducting airways are lined with..

A

superficial layer of epithelial cells

57
Q

epithelial cells in airways (types)

A
  • goblet cells (mucus-producing)

- ciliated cells

58
Q

epithelial cells in airways function

A

-work together to entrap inhaled biological + inert particulates and remove them the airways

59
Q

ciliated cells produce

A

pericilliary fluid (sol layer)

60
Q

sol layer

A
  • aka periciliary fluid
  • low viscosity (good for ciliary action)
  • thickness (5um)
61
Q

Goblet cells produce

A

mucus (5- 10 um thick gel layer)

62
Q

gel layer

A
  • high viscosity, high elastic properties

- trap inhaled materials

63
Q

cilia movements in nasopharynx

A

-downward

64
Q

cilia movements in trachea

A

-upward

65
Q

smoke reduces

A

-activity of cilia + increases number of goblet cells

66
Q

macrophages

A
  • last defense to inhaled particles

- phagocytize foreign particles + substances

67
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • macrophages phagocytize silica dust +asbestos

- fibroblast recruitment + collagen accumulation

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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