RS Lec 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Respiratory system major function
A
-provides O2 + eliminates CO2
2
Q
Respiratory system minor functions
A
- protects against microbial infection (filtering action)
- regulates blood pH with kidneys
- phonation: production of vocal sound/speech
- olfaction: sense of smell
- reservoir for blood
3
Q
Structures that make up the respiratory system
A
- upper airways
- trachea
- lungs (bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli)
- muscles of respiration
- ribcage + pleura
- CNS
4
Q
trachea anatomy
A
- C shape cartilage (anterior-front)
- smooth muscle (posterior-back)
5
Q
primary bronchi anatomy
A
-plates of cartilage & smooth muscle
6
Q
bronchioles + terminal bronchioles anatomy
A
smooth muscle
7
Q
Airways beyond larynx divided in 2 zones:
A
- conducting zone
- respiratory zone
8
Q
Conducting zone
A
- leads gas to gas exchanging region of the lungs
- anatomical dead gas (150 ml)
- no alveoli=nog gas exchange
9
Q
Respiratory zone
A
where gas exchange occurs
-has alveoli
10
Q
Terminal bronchioles
A
-smallest airay without alveoli (conducting zone)
11
Q
Respiratory bronchioles
A
-has alveoli (respiratory zone)
12
Q
23 generations of respiratory system
A
- trachea=0
- bronchi=1
- terminal bronchioles= 5-16
- respiratory bronchioles= 17-19
- alveolar sacs= 23
13
Q
↑ generations…
A
- ↑ number, ↑ total cross-sectional area
- ↓ diameter size
14
Q
Order of structures in lung
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
15
Q
Order of structures in lung- conducting zone
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
16
Q
Order of structures in lung- respiratory zone
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
17
Q
alveoli (def.)
A
-tiny, thin walled, capillary-rich sac in lungs for O2 + CO2 exchange
18
Q
alveoli and capillaries (number)
A
- 500 million in human lungs (1/3 mm in diameter), highly vascularized
- 280 billion capillaries (70 ml of blood at rest, 200 ml working)
19
Q
Alveoli surface
A
- lined by continuous monolayer type I alveolar cells (most of surface)
- type II alveolar cells (7%)
20
Q
Type I alveolar cells
A
- most of alveoli
- does not divide, easily harmed by toxins
21
Q
Type II alveolar cells
A
- produce surfactant (detergent: contains lipoproteins)- reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
- progenitor cells in injury to type I cells, multiply + differentiate into type I cells
22
Q
network of capillaries (alveoli)
A
- 7-10 um in diameter (enough space for RBC)
- small interstitial space (connective tissue + interstitial fluids)
23
Q
RBC time in capillary network
A
-0.75 s – passes 2-3 alveoli
24
Q
thickness of respiratory membrane
A
- 0.2- 0.5 um thick _esaily damaged - transfer O2+ CO2 (diffusion)
25
Steps of respiration
1. Ventilation
2. Exchange of O2 + CO2 between alveoli + blood in capillaries (diffusion)
3. Transport of O2 + CO2 through blood (bulk flow)
4. Exchange of O2 + CO2 in tissues (diffusion)
5. Cellular respiration
26
Ventilation (def.)
exchange of air btw atmosphere + alveoli by bulk flow due to changes in gas pressure
27
Ventilation steps
1. CNS sends excitatory signals to respiratory muscles
2. Muscles contract rhythmically
3. Changes in volume + pressures at chest & lung
4. Air flows in and out the lungs
28
Respiratory muscles types
- pump muscles
- airway muscles
- accessory muscles
29
inspiratory pump muscles
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- parasternal
30
expiratory pump muscles
- internal intercostals
| - abdominals
31
inspiratory airway muscles
- tongue protruders (genioglossus)
- alae nasi
- muscles arounds airways (pharynx, larynx)
32
expiratory airway muscles
-constrictors muscles around airways (pharynx, larynx)
33
inspiratory accessory muscles
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalene
- pectoralis
34
diaphragm (def.)
-dome shaped muscle that flattens during contraction (INS)
35
diaphragm action
abdominal contents are forced down and forward
| -ribcage is widened = increase in volume of thorax
36
external intercostals action
-contract + pull ribs upward increasing lateral (sideways) volume of the thorax- "bucket handle motion"
37
parasternal intercostals action
-contract + pull sternum forward, increase anterior posterior dimension of ribcage- "pump handle motion"
38
abdominals list
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominis
- transversus abdominis
39
abdominals regular function
-relaxed at rest, involved in other physiological functions (coughing, vomiting, defecation, posture)
40
(abdominals) deeper, faster breathing requires
- active contraction of abdominal & internal intercostal muscles to return lung to resting position (exercise)
41
Internal intercostal muscles action
- relaxed at rest
| - exercise: pull ribcage down, ↓ thoracic volume
42
Accessory inspiratory muscles
- contribute very little to quiet breathing at rest
| - contract vigorously during exercise/forced respiration
43
sternocleidomastoid action
-raise the sternum
44
scalenes action
-elevate upper ribs
45
pectoralis
-elevates ribs
46
regular (quiet) inspiration
- external intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out
| - diaphragm contracts
47
forced inspiration
- sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum
- pectoralis minor elevates ribs
- diaphragm contracts more
48
regular (quiet) expiration
- diaphragm relax
| - abdominal organs recoil and press diaphragm upward
49
forced expiration
- abdominal wall muscles contract + press organs upward into diaphragm
- posterior internal intercostals pull ribs down and inward
50
Upper airways muscles contribute to
-opening the upper airways + reduce airway resistance
51
Upper airway muscles list
- tongue protruders
- alae nasi
- pharyngeal and laryngeal dilators (inspiratory)
- pharyngeal and laryngeal constrictors (expiratory)
52
obstructive sleep apnea definition
-reduction in upper airway openness (patency) during sleep
53
obstructive sleep apnea symptoms
snoring, apneas, sleep disturbances
54
obstructive sleep apnea causes
- anatomical defects
| - reduction in muscle tone
55
obstructive sleep apnea treatment
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)- mask over nose to keep air passage open
56
conducting airways are lined with..
superficial layer of epithelial cells
57
epithelial cells in airways (types)
- goblet cells (mucus-producing)
| - ciliated cells
58
epithelial cells in airways function
-work together to entrap inhaled biological + inert particulates and remove them the airways
59
ciliated cells produce
pericilliary fluid (sol layer)
60
sol layer
- aka periciliary fluid
- low viscosity (good for ciliary action)
- thickness (5um)
61
Goblet cells produce
mucus (5- 10 um thick gel layer)
62
gel layer
- high viscosity, high elastic properties
| - trap inhaled materials
63
cilia movements in nasopharynx
-downward
64
cilia movements in trachea
-upward
65
smoke reduces
-activity of cilia + increases number of goblet cells
66
macrophages
- last defense to inhaled particles
| - phagocytize foreign particles + substances
67
pulmonary fibrosis
- macrophages phagocytize silica dust +asbestos
| - fibroblast recruitment + collagen accumulation
