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z:Physl 210A/B > Renal Lec 5 > Flashcards

Renal Lec 5 Flashcards

1
Q

sources of water gain (input)

A
  • ingested liquid

- water from oxidation of food

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2
Q

sources of water loss (output) (6)

A
  • skin
  • respiratory airways
  • sweat
  • GI tract
  • urinary tract
  • menstrual flow
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3
Q

water moves via diffusion across water channels called

A

aquaporins

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4
Q

percentage of water reabsorbed in proximal tubules

A

67%

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5
Q

aquaporins in proximal tubule cells are

A

always open

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6
Q

water reabsorption is dependent on

A

Na+ reabsorption

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7
Q

the driving force for water reabsorption is

A

the osmotic gradient set up by Na+

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8
Q

cortical collecting duct

A

collecting duct in the cortex

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9
Q

medullary collecting duct

A

collecting duct in the medulla

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10
Q

cells in cortical and medullary collecting ducts are

A

under physiological control

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11
Q

hormone that controls water reabsorption (2 names)

A

-vasopressin/ antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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12
Q

vasopressin/ADH regulate

A

a specific type of aquaporin

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13
Q

vasopressin/ADH act on (location)

A

cells of the collecting cuts

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14
Q

percentage of water reabsorbed in loop of henle

A

15%

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15
Q

percentage of water reabsorbed in distal tubule

A

0%

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16
Q

percentage of water reabsorbed in large distal tubule and collecting duct

A

8 to 17%

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17
Q

mechanism of water reabsorption in proximal tubule (via)

A

passive via AQP-1

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18
Q

mechanism of water reabsorption in loop of henle- descending thin limb only (via)

A

passive via AQP-1

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19
Q

mechanism of water reabsorption in large distal tubule and collecting duct (via)

A

passive via AQP-2, AQP-3, AQP-4

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20
Q

water reabsorption in PCT (summary)

A
  • Na+ movement from tubular lumen to epithelial cells then into interstitial fluid via Na+/K+ ATPase
  • local osmolarity of tubular lemn decrease
  • local osmolarity of interstitial fluid increase
  • water enters interstitial fluid through gap junctions and through epithelial cells via osmosis
  • bulk flow of water into peritubular capillaries
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21
Q

ascending limb of loop of henle is impermeable to

A

water

22
Q

water reabsorption in loop of henle (on which limb?)

A

descending thin limb

23
Q

salt reabsorption in loop of henle (on which limb?)

A

ascending thick limb

24
Q

loop of henle structure

A
  • single tubule
  • two sides closely juxtaposed
  • fluid streams in opposite direction
  • different transport capabilities on each side of tubule
25
Q

structure-function relationship

A

a relationship between the structure of a biological entity and the functions (and sometimes the mechanisms) carried out by that entity

26
Q

countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism

A

that expends energy to create a concentration gradient.

27
Q

loop of henle descending limb (osmolarity of interstitial fluid)

A

isotonic to tubule

28
Q

loop of henle descending limb (osmolarity of tubule lumen increases as…because…)

A

loop descends because tubule is permeable to water and water diffuses out into the interstitial fluid

29
Q

loop of henle ascending limb (osmolarity of interstitial fluid)

A

hypertonic to tubule

30
Q

loop of henle ascending limb (osmolarity of tubule lumen decreases as…because…)

A

loop ascendes because tubule is impermeable to water and salt is actively transported into interstitial fluid/out of tubule

31
Q

gradient difference between interstitial space and ascending limb is

A

200 mOsm

32
Q

counter current multiplier

A

multiplication of gradient down the length of the loop of Henle

33
Q

long loop of henle =

A

high osmotic gradient= better water retention

34
Q

osmolarity in distal tubule is … because

A

low (80 mOSm) because permeable only to salt so salt moves out to the interstitial fluid

35
Q

cortical collecting duct becomes

A

isosmotic with interstitial fluid (300 mOsm/L)

36
Q

cortical collecting duct is permeable to both.. so

A

salt and water so salt and water are reabsorbed

37
Q

ADH works on cortcial collecting duct to

A

reabsorb more water

38
Q

the osmolarity gradient created by loop of henle

A

helps draw water out into interstitial space from medullary collecting tubule

39
Q

in medullary collecting duct, osmolarity is

A

increasing (1400 mOsm/L)

40
Q

fluid flow in vasa recta is

A

opposite to the flow in the loop of henle

41
Q

vasa recta is permeable to

A

both water and salt, ions,urea

42
Q

descending vasa recta picks up

A

salt and osmolarity increases

43
Q

ascending vasa recta picks up

A

water and osmolarity decreases

44
Q

vasa recta prevents

A

salt from being carried away and therefor maintains the gradient

45
Q

blood flow in vasa recta serve as

A

counter-current exchnager

46
Q

blood flow in medulla is … so

A

low so it prevents solute loss

47
Q

vasa recta does not create

A

medullary hyperosmolarity

48
Q

urea in the tubule (summary)

A

-100% filtrated
-50% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
-50% secreted back
-100% enters the distal tubule
-30% enters reabsorbed from cortical collecting duct
-55% reabsorbed from inner medullary collecting duct (due to ADH action)
-Only 5% diffuses out to vasa recta and another 50%
secreted back into tubule
- 15% of the original amount is excreted (much less than the
filtered amount)

49
Q

minimal uptake of urea by vasa recta and recycling urea in the interstitial space

A

helps in maintaining high osmolarity in the medulla

50
Q

Why is there a need for concentrated urine?

A

-kidneys save water by producing hyperosmotic urine

51
Q

Mechanisms used to maintain the hyperosmotic environment of the medulla:

A
  1. Counter-current anatomy and opposing fluid flow through the
    Loop of Henle of the juxta medullary nephrons
  2. reabsorption of NaCl in ascending limb
  3. impermeability of ascending limb to water
  4. trapping of urea in medulla
  5. hairpin loops of vasa recta maintains the hyperosmotic
    interstitium in medulla

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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