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z:Physl 210A/B > Endo Lec 1 > Flashcards

Endo Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrinology (def.)

A

the study of hormones, their receptors, the signaling pathways they invoke, and the disease and condition associated with them

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2
Q

endocrinology involves the study of the (4)

A
  • biosynthesis
  • storage
  • chemistry
  • physiological function of hormones secreted from endocrine glands or other tissues
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3
Q

endocrine gland (def. + example)

A

lacks the duct system (ex. thyroid gland)

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4
Q

exocrine gland (def. + example)

A

has a duct system (ex. salivary gland)

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5
Q

gland that are both endocrine + exocrine

A

pancreas

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6
Q

communication differences in endocrine vs nervous system (4)

A
  • secreted into blood system vs neurotransmitter released by diffusion
  • travels over long distance vs acts locally (short distance)
  • slow response vs fast action
  • multiple target cells vs more target specific
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7
Q

hormone classification based on

A

structure (solubility in plasma)

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8
Q

structure of hormone dictates

A

site of receptor + mechanism of action

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9
Q

two types of hormones (general)

A
  • water soluble

- lipid soluble

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10
Q

list of water soluble hormones (2)

A
  • protein hormones

- catecholamines

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11
Q

list of lipid soluble hormones(3)

A
  • steroids
  • thyroid hormones
  • eicosanoids
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12
Q

lipid soluble bound to … in…

A

carrier proteins in aqueous environment

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13
Q

3 types of hormones based on structure

A
  1. proteins
  2. lipids
  3. monoamines
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14
Q

3 types of protein hormones

A
  1. small peptides
  2. polypeptides
  3. glycoproteins
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15
Q

small peptides hormone examples (3)

A
  • TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
  • oxytocin
  • ADH (Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
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16
Q

polypeptides hormones examples (3)

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • GH (growth hormone)
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17
Q

glycoproteins hormones examples (3)

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinizing hormone)
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
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18
Q

2 types of lipids hormones (+ made from..)

A
  1. steroids (made from cholesterol)

2. eicosanoids (made from arachidonic acid)

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19
Q

steroids hormones examples (3)

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • “sex hormones”
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20
Q

eicosanoids hormones examples (2)

A
  • prostaglandins

- leukotrienes

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21
Q

2 types of monoamines hormones (+ made from..)

A
  1. catecholamines (made from tyrosine)

2. thyroid hormones (made from tyrosine)

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22
Q

catecholamines hormones examples (3)

A
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
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23
Q

thyroid hormones examples

A
  • T3

- T4

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24
Q

protein hormones is…after synthesis

A

stored

25
Q

steroid hormones is…and made

A

not stored and made on demand

26
Q

3 factors affecting hormone activity

A
  1. amount of hormone freely available
  2. storage vs. synthesis
  3. metabolism of hormone (active/inactive form of hormones)
27
Q

two types of receptors (+ hormone types)

A
  1. cell surface receptors (proteins+ catecholamines)

2. intracellular receptors that bind to steroid and thyroid hormones

28
Q

type of cell surface receptors

A
  • G-protein linked receptors

- Catalytic receptors

29
Q

G-protein linked receptor- example (for adrenaline, glucagon)

A
  1. primary messenger
  2. secondary messenger
  3. protein kinase
  4. protein phosphorylation
  5. response of target cells
30
Q

examples of secondary messengers (4)

A
  • cAMP
  • DAG
  • IP3
  • Ca2+
31
Q

examples of protein kinases (3)

A
  • PKA
  • PKC
  • Ca+/calmodulin dep. kinase
32
Q

catalytic receptors - example (for insulin, GH)

A
  1. receptor has tyrosine kinase activity/receptor recruits tyrosine kinase activity after binding with hormone
  2. protein phosphorylation
  3. response of target cells
33
Q

protein kinase + phosphatase are important in

A

cell signaling

34
Q

protein kinase/phosphatase can

A

activate or deactivate proteins depending on the situation

35
Q

substrate for kinase-mediated phosphorylation (3)

A

amino acids with -OH (serine, theonine, tyrosine)

36
Q

receptors for steroid hormones of adrenal cortex (location)

A

mainly in cytoplasm

37
Q

receptors for sex hormones (location)

A

mainly in nucleus

38
Q

receptors for thyroid hormones (location)

A

bound to DNA in nucleus

39
Q

receptors for lipid soluble hormones) end up

A

in the nucleus and act as transcription factors

40
Q

speed of steroid + thyroid hormones

A

slow (hours to days)

41
Q

speed of peptides + catecholamines hormones

A

-fast (minutes)

42
Q

the ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depends upon

A

the presence of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cell

43
Q

up-regulation (def.)

A

-increase in the number of receptors for hormone

44
Q

down-regulation (def.)

A

-decrease in the number of receptors for hormone

45
Q

permissive action of horomones

A

-the presence of one hormone is required in order for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell.

46
Q

example of permissive actions of hormone

A

epinephrine + thyroid hormone= large amount of fatty acids released

47
Q

permissive hormone (+ example)

A

the one that encourage the action, doesn’t cause action by itself

(ex. thyroid hormones (notes)+ glucocorticoids)
- upregulate receptors for other hormone on target cell

48
Q

negative feedback … response

A

dampen

49
Q

positive feedback … response

A

amplify

50
Q

which feedback control is more common in body system

A

-negative

51
Q

negative feedback (example)

A

PTH secretion and blood Ca++ (maintains homeostatic range)

52
Q

positive feedback (example)

A

-cervical stretch and oxytocin secretion from posterior pituitary (amplify uterine contraction)

53
Q

tropic hormone (def.)

A

increase secretion of hormone B from target gland

54
Q

trophic hormone (def.)

A

increase secretion of hormone B and stimulate growth of the target gland

55
Q

hyposecretion (def.)

A

secretion of too little hormone

56
Q

hypersecretion (def.)

A

secretion of too much hormone

57
Q

hyporesponsiveness (def. + example)

A
  • reduced responsiveness of target cells

- ex. abnormal receptors (Laron Dwarfism)

58
Q

hyperresponsiveness (def.)

A

-increased responsiveness of target cells

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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