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z:Physl 210A/B > Endo Lec 6 > Flashcards

Endo Lec 6 Flashcards

1
Q

alpha cell in pancreas produces

A

glucagon

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2
Q

beta cell in pancreas produces

A

insulin;amylin

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3
Q

delta cell in pancreas produces

A

somatostatin

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4
Q

F/PP cell in pancreas produces

A

pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

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5
Q

D1 cell in pancreas produces

A

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

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6
Q

5 hormones of the pancreas

A
  1. glucagon
  2. insulin;amylin
  3. somatostatin
  4. pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
  5. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
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7
Q

% alpha cells of islet cells

A

15-20%

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8
Q

% beta cells of islet cells

A

55-90%

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9
Q

% delta cells of islet cells

A

3-10%

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10
Q

% F/PP cells of islet cells

A

1%

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11
Q

% D1 cells of islet cells

A

<1%

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12
Q

insulin : hormone of __

A

feasting

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13
Q

glucagon: hormone of __

A

fasting

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14
Q

insulin is an___ hormone

A

anabolic

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15
Q

glucagon is a ____ hormone

A

catabolic

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16
Q

insulin increases

A

uptake and storage of fuels

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17
Q

glucagon increases

A

mobilization of fuels when needed

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18
Q

catabolic hormones (4)- liberation of stored body fuels

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
19
Q

insulin is the only hormone that can …

A

promote the storage of each of the major body fuels (glucose, fats, aa)

20
Q

targets for insulin action (3)

A
  • skeletal/cardiac muscle
  • adipocytes
  • hepatocytes
21
Q

insulin action in liver

A

↑ glycogenesis, glycolysis,fat synthesis, protein synthesis

↓ glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, fat breakdown, ketogenesis, protein breakdown

22
Q

insulin action in muscle

A

↑ glucose uptake, glycogenesis, a.a uptake, protein synthesis

↓ glycogenolysis, protein breakdown

23
Q

insulin in adipose tissue

A

↑ glucose uptake, glycolysis, fatty acid uptake, fat synthesis

↓ fat breakdown

24
Q

transporter protein that insulin-sensitive

A

GLUT-4

25
Q

transport of glucose by secondary active transport (uphill, Na+ dependent)

A 
SGLT 1
SGLT 2 (up to SGLT 6)
26
Q

transport of glucose by facilitated transport (downhill, Na+ independent)

A 
GLUT 1
GLUT 2 (up to GLUT 14)
27
Q

insulin effect for GLUT 4

A

insulin increases GLUT 4 insertion in membrane

28
Q

glycogen stores from liver is broken down by ___ (12-24 hours)

A

glycogenolysis

29
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

new glucose is made from non-carbohydrate sources like aa/fatty acids

30
Q

in liver acetyl-coA used

A

for fatty acid synthesis

31
Q

Insulin deficiency (relative or absolute) is associated with a

A

catabolic state where Glucagon is predominant and energy substrates are liberated into the blood

32
Q

Glucose uptake into fat and muscle is impaired as

A

90% of GLUT-4 transporters are sequestered intracellularly in vesicles in this setting

33
Q

glucagon is the dominant hormone during

A

fasting

34
Q

causes of hypersecretion of insulin

A

Insulin secreting tumor,overdose

35
Q

consequences of hypersecretion of insulin

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • increased sympathetic activity (such as palpitations or sweating)
  • increased production of counter regulatory hormones (such as glucagon, adrenaline)
  • person feels tired, becomes confused and drowsy
  • In severe cases, a person can have convulsions and go into
    coma
36
Q

causes of hyposecretion of insulin

A

-too little insulin (hyperglycemia) -increased blood glucose

37
Q

consequences of hyposecretion of insulin

A
  • diabetes mellitus

- ketoacidosis (ketones produced in excess)

38
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (summary)

A 
– It is an autoimmune disease
– Often seen in young people
– b cells are destroyed
– Absolute insulin deficiency
– ~5-10% of all DM cases in North America
39
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (summary)

A

– Increased resistance to insulin
– Strongly associated with obesity
– Traditionally more common in adults, observed lately in obese young children
– Relative insulin deficiency
– ~90-95% of all DM cases in North America

40
Q

Insulin deficiency leads to a catabolic state characterized

A

-by hyperglycemia, generalized wasting, acidosis and ketogenesis = DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

41
Q

Cardinal Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Polyuria (↑ in urine volume, ↑ in frequency of urination)
  • Glucosuria (glucose in urine)
  • Polyphagia (increased hunger)
  • Polydipsia (increased thirst)
42
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Long-term high levels of glucose leads to blindness
  • renal failure
  • atherosclerosis
  • changes in sensation
  • poor wound healing
43
Q

treatments of diabetes mellitus (type 1)

A

-insulin: by injection, by programmable pump, by inhalation, along with amylin analogs
– Islet cell transplant (Edmonton Protocol)
– Gene therapy

44
Q

treatments of diabetes mellitus (type 2)

A

–dietary control and exercise
– Drugs which increase insulin secretion and/ or response to insulin
– Insulin administration

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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