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z:Physl 210A/B > GIT Lec 4: Pancreas > Flashcards

GIT Lec 4: Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

pancreas is a … gland

A

exocrine + endocrine

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2
Q

pancreas exocrine function

A
  • produces secretions into gut
  • source for most digestive enzymes (carbohydrates, protein, fat, NAs)
  • enzymes produced in excess
  • pancreatic function must be above 10% (digestive/absorption issues bellow that)
  • secretion of HCO3- to neutralize stomach acid (needed for enzyme function)
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3
Q

pancreas endocrine function

A

-produces hormones that regulate entire body (eg. insulin)

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4
Q

exocrine- anatomy of pancreas

A

-secrete substances on apical side into ducts that drain onto epithelial layer

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5
Q

endocrine- anatomy of pancreas

A

-ductless gland, secretion across basolateral surface of diffusion into blood

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6
Q

pancreatic ducts

A

-similar to salivary gland

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7
Q

acinar cells- pancreatic ducts

A

-secrete digestive enzymes- exocytosis

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8
Q

duct cells- pancreatic ducts

A

-secrete H2O +HCO3-

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9
Q

pancreatic juices description

A

-isotonic, alkaline

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10
Q

how much pancreatic juices are produced a day

A

1-2 L/day

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11
Q

pancreatic juices electrolytes balance

A
  • high HCO3-, low Cl-

- HCO3-/H2O secreted by duct cells

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12
Q

pancreatic juices enzymes description

A
  • secreted by acinar cells
  • proteolytic enzymes stored + secreted in inactive forms
  • activation in duodenum by HCO3-
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13
Q

Ductular cell secretion- cytosol

A
  • carbonic anhydrase (CA) converts CO2 + H2O into H2CO3 then dissociates H + HCO3-
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14
Q

Ductular cell secretion- apical side

A
  • HCO3-/Cl- exchanger –> HCO3- out, Cl- into cell

- chloride channel (CFTR) –> Cl- out

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15
Q

Ductular cell secretion- basolateral

A
  • Na+/H+ exchanger –> H+out, Na+ in
  • Na+/K+ ATPase –> Na+ out, K+ in
  • K+ channel –> K+ out
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16
Q

Ductular cell secretion- paracellular

A
  • H2O +Na+ into duct because electrochemical gradient
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17
Q

after big meal: alkaline tide

A

-partial cells in stomach produces lots of acid so increased HCO3- in basolateral/blood

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18
Q

after big meal: acid tide

A

-duct cells produces lots of HCO3- so increased H+ in basolateral/blood

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19
Q

HCO3- from stomach and H+ from pancreas meet

A

in portal vein and maintain acid/base balance

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20
Q

starvation would occur without pancreas because

A

it is the source for digestive enzymes

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21
Q

proteases

A

-digest proteins into peptides/a.a

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22
Q

amylolytic enzymes

A

-digest starch into sugars

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23
Q

lipases

A

-digest triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

24
Q

nucleases

A

-digest NAs into free nucleotides

25
Q

acinar cells produce

A

pro-enzymes into zymogen granules (vesicles) stored on apical side

26
Q

acinar cells secretion into duct modulated by

A

-neurohormonal input

27
Q

trypsinogen is secreted by

A

pancreas

28
Q

trypsinogen—-> trypsin by

A

-membrane bound enterokinase in duodenum

29
Q

trypsin is a protease and also activates

A

other proteases

30
Q

In cystic fibrosis

A

Cl-/HCO3-exchanger is mutated

31
Q

cystic fibrosis patients suffer

A

-pancreatic insufficiency

enzymes still produced by HCO3-/H2O minimal and enzymes cause pancreatic autodigestion

32
Q

cystic fibrosis treatments

A

digestive enzymes +antacids

33
Q

proteases by pancreas (inactive enzyme) and end-products

A
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • pro-elastase
  • pro-carboxypeptidase A & B

-mixture of peptides and amino acids

34
Q

-trypsinogen activated by … and active enzyme

A
  • enterokinase

- trypsin

35
Q

trypsin action

A

endopeptidase

36
Q

chymotrypsinogen activated by … and active enzyme

A
  • trypsin

- chymotrypsin

37
Q

chymotrypsin action

A

endopeptidase

38
Q

proelastase activated by … and active enzyme

A
  • trypsin

- elastase

39
Q

elastase action

A

endopeptidase

40
Q

pro-carboxy peptidase A&B activated by … and active enzyme

A
  • trypsin

- carboxypeptidase A & B

41
Q

carboxypeptidase A & B action

A

exopeptidase

42
Q

Amylolytic enzyme by pancreas (active enzyme) and end-products

A
  • pancreatic amylase

- maltose,maltotriose, and a-limit dextrins

43
Q

pancreatic amylase action

A

-cleaves starches to sugars

44
Q

Lipolytic enzymes by pancreas (active enzymes) and end products

A
  • lipase, free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides

- cholesterol esterase, free fatty acids and cholesterol

45
Q

lipase action

A

hydrolyzes triglycerides

46
Q

cholesterol esterase action

A

-hydrolyzes cholesterols-esters

47
Q

Lipolytic enzymes by pancreas (inactive enzyme) and end products

A

-prephospholipase A2, free fatty acids and lysophospholipids

48
Q

prephospholipase A2 is activated by… and active enzyme

A
  • trypsin

- phospholipase A2

49
Q

phospholipase A2 action

A

hydrolyzes phospholipids

50
Q

CCK regulation of pancreas

A
  • fatty acids/a.a in small intestine triggers CCK secretion
  • increase enzymes secretion, gall bladder contraction (relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
  • negative feedback loop
51
Q

secretin regulation of pancreas

A
  • acid in duodenum
  • decrease pH triggers secretin, and secretin increase HCO3- release from liver and pancreas
  • negative feedback loop
52
Q

secretin + CCK

A
  • inhibit gastrin secretin
  • reduced stomach motility
  • reduced acid secretion
53
Q

ach from parasymp nerves

A

increase enzymes secretion from pancreas

54
Q

phases of pancreatic secretion regulation

A
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • intestinal (major)
55
Q

intestinal phase of regulation (pancreatic secretion)

A

secretion + CCK release

56
Q

gastric phase of regulation (pancreatic secretion)

A

distension of stomach stimulate pancreatic secretion via parasymp. nerves

57
Q

cephalic phase of regulation (pancreatic secretion)

A

sight, smell, taste –> parasympathetic

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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