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z:Physl 210A/B > Endo Lec 3 > Flashcards

Endo Lec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

adrenal gland structure (2)

A
  • cortex

- medulla

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2
Q

adrenal gland -cortex (structure)

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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3
Q

zona glomerulosa produces (general)

A

-aldosterone

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4
Q

zona fasciculata produces (general)

A

-cortisol and small amount of androgens

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5
Q

zona reticularis produces (general)

A

-androgens (DHEA & androstenedione) and small amount of cortisol

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6
Q

adrenal gland medulla produces

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

corticosteroids (def.)

A

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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8
Q

hormone family produced by zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids

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9
Q

hormone family produced by zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids

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10
Q

hormone family produced by zona reticularis

A

androgens

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11
Q

DHEA stands for

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

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12
Q

mineralocorticoids example

A

aldosterone

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13
Q

glucocorticoids example

A

cortisol

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14
Q

androgens example

A

DHEA

androstenedione

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15
Q

corticosteroid synthesis

A

cholesterol –> progesterone –> mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, adrenal androgens

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16
Q

major actions of aldosterone (4)

A
  • increased Na+ reabsorption by kidney
  • increased water reabsorption by kidney (depends on Na+)
  • increased K+ secretion by the kidney
  • increased H+ secretion by the kidney
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17
Q

mechanism of aldosterone action (Na+)

A

aldosterone affects Na+ channel (luminal membrane), Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral membrane)

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18
Q

mechanism of aldosterone action (H+)

A

aldosterone affects Na+/H+ carrier insertion into luminal membrane

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19
Q

control of aldosterone secretion (↑ aldosterone because..)

A

↓ vol of ECF/BP/Na+ (via renin-aldosterone system)

↑ K+ in ECF

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20
Q

aldosterone secretion is not under the control of

A

an anterior pituitary tropic hormone

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21
Q

cortisol general functions

A

-affects metabolism of glucose

22
Q

cortisol secretion is increased during

A

stress conditions

23
Q

cortisol maintain and protects

A

the body under stress conditions (chronic- long term)

24
Q

cortisol (non-stress conditions) effect

A

permissive action on epinephrine and norepinephrine that exert control on vascular tone to maintain normal blood pressure

25
Q

7 metabolic effects of cortisol

A
  1. increase in blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
  2. increase in glucose availability for CNS
  3. decrease in glucose utilization by peripheral tissues
  4. increase in glucose formation in liver (gluconeogenesis)
  5. increase in glycogen synthesis in liver
  6. increase in protein breakdown
  7. increase in fat breakdown
26
Q

7 actions of cortisol on immune system

A
  1. decrease in lymphocyte number
  2. decrease in lymph node size
  3. reduced humoral and cellular immunity
  4. decreased production of inflammatory substance, such as leukotriene and prostaglandins
  5. decreased capillary permeability and prevention of neutrophil diapedesis to site of infection and edema
  6. reduction in proteolytic content release from lysosomes
  7. increased susceptibility to infection
27
Q

pharmacological use of cortisol

A

suppress organ rejection after transplantation

28
Q

cortisol effects during fetal and neonatal life

A
  • required for development of CNS (brain)
  • GIT, adrenal gland
  • lungs (surfactant synthesis)
29
Q

cortisol secretion controlled (mechanism)

A

stress/diurnal rhythm–> + CRH (hypothalamus)—> + ACTH (anterior pituitary)–> +cortisol (adrenal cortex)

cortisol –> - ACTH
cortisol –> - CRH

30
Q

8 stress factors examples

A
  1. Heavy exercise
  2. Prolonged cold exposure
  3. Infection
  4. Shock
  5. Decreased oxygen supply
  6. Sleep deprivation
  7. Pain
  8. Fright
31
Q

Conn’s syndrome (cause)

A

-too much aldosterone

32
Q

Conn’s syndrome symptoms (5)

A
  • hypernatremia (high Na+)
  • increase in volume of ECF
  • increase in blood pressure (hypertension),
  • hypokalemia (low K+)
  • metabolic alkalosis
33
Q

Addison’s syndrome (cause)

A
  • too little aldosterone

- too little cortisol

34
Q

Addison’s syndrome symptoms (aldosterone) (3)

A
  • hypotension
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyperkalemia (high K+)
35
Q

Addison’s syndrome symptoms (cortisol) (2)

A
  • decrease in blood glucose

- increased skin pigmentation

36
Q

Cushing’s disease (cause)

A

-too much cortisol

37
Q

Cushing’s disease symptoms (3)

A
  • increase in blood glucose
  • muscle wasting, “MOON face”, “BUFFALO HUMP”
  • decreased resistance to infection
38
Q

virilization (masculinization) in females (cause)

A

-too much adrenal androgens

39
Q

reduced hair growth, decreased sexual response in females (cause)

A

-too little adrenal androgens

40
Q

catecholamines (def.)

A

hormones made by adrenal medulla hormones

41
Q

synthesis of catecholamines

A

tyrosine–> dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) —> dopamine –> noradrenaline (norepinephrine) –> adrenaline (epinephrine)

42
Q

catecholamines examples

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

43
Q

___% of the catecholamines released from adrenal medulla is adrenaline

A

80%

44
Q

regulation of catecholamine secrection

A

splanchnic nerve (sympathetic preganglionic nerve) simulates release of adrenaline/ noradrenaline from chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

45
Q

chromaffin cells release (two hormones)

A

adrenaline/noradrenaline

46
Q

major actions of catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) on cardiovascular system (4)

A

↑heart rate
↑force of contraction
↑cardiac output
↑blood pressure

47
Q

major actions of catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) on smooth muscle (3)

A

dilation of pupils
bronchodilation
↓ GIT motility

48
Q

major actions of catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) on metabolism (3)

A

↑ glycogenolysis (skeletal muscle and liver)
↑ lipolysis
↑gluconeogenesis

49
Q

chronic long term stress hormone

A

cortisol

50
Q

acute short term stress hormone

A

medullary hormones (adrenaline/noradrenaline)

z:Physl 210A/B (28 decks)

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