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Systems 1 Part 2 > Respiratory Viral infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Viral infections Flashcards

1
Q

disease in upper respiratory tract

A

common cold

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2
Q

diseases in lower respiratory tract

A

bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

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3
Q

most pneumonia (affects alveoli) are usually caused by –

A

bacteria

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4
Q

when viruses invade respiratory tract cells they trigger –

A

inflammation

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5
Q

the small airways of young children can be significantly be narrowed by –

A

inflammation that causes swelling

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6
Q

pneumonia is due to inflammation caused by –

A

virus itself or bacterial infection developed due to viral inflammation

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7
Q

common causes of common cold

A

rhinovirus (picorna-)
coronavirus
adenovirus

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8
Q

less common cause of common cold

A

influenza (orhomyxo-)

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9
Q

two types of picornaviridae

A

enterovirus and rhinovirus

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10
Q

smallest RNA virus

A

picornaviridae

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11
Q

is the picornaviridae (entero and rhino) enveloped?

A

no

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12
Q

how is rhinovirus spread?

A

contaminated objects and aerosols

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13
Q

how to prevent rhinovirus?

A

frequent hand washing

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14
Q

enterovirus infect –

A

GI tract

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15
Q

why is it hard to make a vaccine for common cold?

A

rhinovirus has many types

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16
Q

what is the significance of rhinovirus being non-enveloped?

A

survive outside for a long time

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17
Q

why is rhinovirus limited to the upper respiratory tract?

A

doesn’t like cold

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18
Q

is there an anti-rhinovirus drug?

A

no

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19
Q

why is there no anti-rhino drug?

A

too late to give drugs when you have symptoms = already peaked

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20
Q

is the coronavirus enveloped?

A

yes

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21
Q

coronavirus has a – genome

A

RNA

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22
Q

types of coronavirus

A

SARS and MERS

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23
Q

SARS =

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome

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24
Q

MERS =

A

middle east respiratory syndrome

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25
Q

how does coronavirus spread?

A

aerosols

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26
Q

why can rhinovirus be spread by contaminated objects?

A

it’s non-enveloped

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27
Q

why is coronavirus limited to upper respiratory tract?

A

it doesn’t like the cold

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28
Q

if coronavirus infects enteric tract –>

A

diarrhea (usually infants)

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29
Q

is there an anti-coronavirus drug?

A

no

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30
Q

is there a coronavirus vaccine?

A

no

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31
Q

unlike typical human coronaviruses, SARS and MERS infections involve –

A

lower respiratory tract

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32
Q

consolidated lung is more – than aerated lung parenchyma

A

radiopaque

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33
Q

pneumonia

A

liquid in alveolar space (instead of gas)

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34
Q

new syndrome in late 2002 in southern China (last outbreak was 2004 lab)

A

SARS

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35
Q

unlike SARS, MERS virus shows no signs of –

A

easy spread

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36
Q

coronavirus could be found in –

A

bats

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37
Q

bats –> for MERS

A

camels

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38
Q

bats –> for SARS

A

civets

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39
Q

adenovirus as – genome

A

dsDNA

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40
Q

Is adenovirus enveloped?

A

no

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41
Q

who are at risk for adenovirus?

A

military recruits and boarding schools

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42
Q

Is there an anti-adenovirus drug?

A

no

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43
Q

is there a vaccine for adenovirus?

A

yes,

type 4 and 7 vaccine for military recruits

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44
Q

number one cause of common cold

A

rhinovirus

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45
Q

prevalence of common cold among age groups

A

children > adults > adults over 60

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46
Q

Are older adults more likely to get a common cold or flu?

A

flu

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47
Q

common cause of bronchitis

A

parainfluenza (paramyxo-)

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48
Q

common cause of bronchiolitis

A

RSV (paramyxo-)

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49
Q

common viral cause of pneumonia

A

RSV
parainfluenza
influenza (othomyxo-)

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50
Q

children are most at risk for which pneumonia causing viruses

A

RSV and parainfluenza

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51
Q

everyone is at risk for – causing pneumonia because there are many different strains

A

influenza

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52
Q

Paramyxoviridae viruses

A

parainfluenza and RSV

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53
Q

paramyxoviridae has – genome

A

RNA

54
Q

is paramyxoviridae enveloped?

A

yes

55
Q

paramyxoviridae (parainfluenza and RSV)attaches with –

A

glycoprotein

56
Q

paramyxoviridae (parainfluenza and RSV) has – to envelope host cell membrane

A

fusion protein

57
Q

fused cell membrane

A

syncytia (paramyxoviridae)

58
Q

major cause of severe respiratory infection in 3 y/o and younger

A

paramyxo = parainfluenza and RSV

59
Q

what is the number one cause of infantile bronchiolitis/pneumonia?

A

RSV

60
Q

RSV has – symptoms in older children and adults

A

milder

61
Q

antiviral drugs for RSV

A

ribavirin (nucleoside analogue)

62
Q

who uses ribavirin

A

premature and immunocompromised infants at high risk for RSV

63
Q

prevent RSV for high risk groups (premature and immunocompromised infants)

A

RespiGam and Synagis

64
Q

RespiGam is a pooled human serum containing –

A

anti-RSV antibody (for prevention)

65
Q

what is synagis?

A

antibody against F protein of RSV (for prevention)

66
Q

Spanish flu

A

H!N1

67
Q

Asian flu

A

H2N2

68
Q

Hong Kong flu

A

H3N2

69
Q

even if flu doesn’t work on you it reduces – in a pop

A

of carriers

70
Q

how many segments does influenza virus have?

A

8

71
Q

is the influenza virus enveloped?

A

yes

72
Q

HA of influenza

A

attachment

73
Q

NA of influenza

A

virion release

74
Q

M2 of influenza

A

uncoating

75
Q

type A influenza

A

mammals and birds

76
Q

type B influenza

A

mammals

77
Q

type C influenza

A

mammals

78
Q

which influenza type doesn’t cause disease

A

C

79
Q

which influenza types have vaccines?

A

A and B

80
Q

influenza’s HA protein binds to – on epithelial cell surface receptors

A

sialic acid

81
Q

what promotes the fusion of the influenza envelope to the cell membrane

A

HA protein

82
Q

What forms the proton channel for influenza?

A

M2 protein

83
Q

the proton channel formed by the M2 protein promotes – of the envelope contents to break the protein-protein interactions to allow uncoating and delivery of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm

A

acidification

84
Q

influenza virus reduces – of the respiratory tract thereby increasing bacterial infection

A

natural defenses

85
Q

virus first targets and kills – causing loss of host’s primary defense system

A

mucus-secreting, ciliated and other epithelial cells

86
Q

influenza’s – facilitates the dev of the infection by cleaving sialic acid residues of the mucus thereby providing access to tissue

A

NA

87
Q

if the influenza virus spreads to the lower respiratory tract, the infection can cause – of bronchial or alveolar epithelium down to a single-cell basal layer or BM

A

severe desquamation (shedding)

88
Q

high risk groups for pneumonia

A

young and elderly
immunocompromised
chronic medical conditions (diabetes)

89
Q

non-pulmonary complications of influenza for children

A

CNS involvement

90
Q

non-pulmonary complications of influenza for elderly

A

cardiac (myocarditis, pericarditis)

91
Q

extreme life threatening immune response complication of influenza

A

sepsis

92
Q

two anti-flu immunity

A

flu-specific antibody and flue-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes

93
Q

– inhibits HA protein and offers future protection from influenza

A

flu-specific antibody

94
Q

why vaccine didn’t work for flu?

A

antigen drift

95
Q

antigen drift is a – process so vaccine strains must be updated

A

continuous

96
Q

antigen drift involves – so minor changes in HA/NA results in outdated antibodies

A

errors during RNA replication

97
Q

two different strains or virus form a new subtype

A

antigen shift

98
Q

direct transmission of animal influenza A to humans is an example of –

A

antigen shift

99
Q

– leads to outbreak

A

antigen drift

100
Q

– leads to pandemics

A

antigen shift

101
Q

antigen shift involves – that lead to major changes in HA/NA

A

genetic reassortment

102
Q

pandemics = new, spreading – but not necessarily deadly

A

globally

103
Q

what is the natural reservoirs for influenza

A

aquatic birds

104
Q

influenza A: what is usually an intermediate host between reservoir birds and humans

A

pigs

105
Q

Do humans commonly get infected with influenza A from domestic bird intermediates?

A

no

106
Q

– occurs in the intermediate host (pig) for influenza A virus

A

gene reassortment (pig = mixing vessel)

107
Q

most deadly subtypes of avian influenza for birds

A

H5 and H7

108
Q

H5N1 (avian influenza) killed 70-100% of chickens in –

A

Hong Kong farms

109
Q

Does avian influenza infect humans easily?

A

no

110
Q

human-to-human transmission of avian version of HA is –

A

rare

111
Q

how do humans acquire avian influenza

A

exposures to infected poultry, feces, or contaminated dust/soil

112
Q

route for amantadine

A

oral

113
Q

route for rimantadine

A

oral

114
Q

route for Tamiflu (oseltamivir)

A

oral

115
Q

route for Relenza (azamivir)

A

inhalation

116
Q

target of amantadine

A

M2 (uncoating)

117
Q

target of rimantadine

A

M2 (uncoating)

118
Q

target of Tamiflu (oseltamivir)

A

NA (budding)

119
Q

target of Relenza (zanamivir)

A

NA (budding)

120
Q

anti-flu drugs for type A and B

A

Tamiflu and relenza

121
Q

anti-flu drugs for type A only

A

amantadine and rimantadine

122
Q

which anti-flu drugs prevent virion release

A

Tamiflu and relenza

123
Q

which drugs prevent viral uncoating

A

amantadine and rimantadine

124
Q

influenza vaccine is a killed virus grown in eggs

A

killed virus

125
Q

flu vaccine has – protective effects

A

short-lived

126
Q

influenza vaccine that is grown in eggs and is cold-adapted

A

live attenuated

127
Q

since live attenuated flu vaccine is cold adapted it can’t –

A

replicate in lungs (limited to upper tract)

128
Q

examples of live attenuated flu vaccine

A

FluMist (nasal spray)

129
Q

who can use live attenuated flu vaccine?

A

healthy people

130
Q

effectiveness of flu vaccine

A

60%

131
Q

live attenuated flu vaccine is associated with –

A

mucosal immunity

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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