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Systems 1 Part 2 > Respiratory design and organization > Flashcards

Respiratory design and organization Flashcards

1
Q

200-600 million alveoli in the two lungs, the overall number correlating with –

A

body height.

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2
Q

Each alveolus is about – in diameter

A

0.2 mm

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3
Q

the total surface area exposed for gas exchange is estimated to be –

A

100 m^2

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4
Q

interstitial space contains –

A

the pulmonary capillaries and connective tissue.

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5
Q

thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

less than 0.4 um thick.

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6
Q

What composes the alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

two layers of alveolar epithelium and interstitial space

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7
Q

how are the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung divided?

A

3 superior
2 middle
5 inferior

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8
Q

How are the 8 segments of the left lung divided?

A

4 upper

4 lower

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9
Q

how are the lung segments separated?

A

layer of connective tissue

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10
Q

Which areas have firm cartilaginous support in their walls?

A

trachea, bronchi, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi

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11
Q

bronchioles (< 1mm diameter) may collapse if –

A

extramural (“outside the wall”) pressure is sufficiently higher than the intraluminal (“inside the lumen”) pressure

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12
Q

airways at the level of the bronchioles depend on – to maintain their openness

A

elastic recoil of alveolar septa

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13
Q

function of terminal bronchioles

A

conduction only

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14
Q

6 functions of upper airway

A 
Thermoregulation
Filtration
Heat/moisture exchange
Gustation (taste)
Olfaction (smell)
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15
Q

what lines the nasal cavities?

A

ciliated mucous membrane

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16
Q

how do dust particles in inhaled air damage the lung?

A

irritates the inner surface of alveoli

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17
Q

Do most dust particles in inhaled air reach the lungs?

A

no (hindered by ciliated mucous membrane of nose)

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18
Q

functions of nasal cavities

A

Warm, humidify, filtrate inhaled air

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19
Q

conducting zone is comprised of –

A

trachea and bronchi (no alveoli)

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20
Q

why is conducting zone called anatomic dead space?

A

can’t exchange gas with venous blood

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21
Q

terminal bronchioles divided into respiratory bronchioles from which –

A

alveoli buds

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22
Q

what does each first order respiratory bronchial give rise to?

A

primary lobule

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23
Q

what is contained within alveolar ducts and sacs?

A

budding alveoli (no airway mucosa)

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24
Q

each primary lobule contains –

A

2,000 alveoli

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25
Q

describe air passages’ total cross sectional area

A

cross sectional area increases as air passages become smaller

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26
Q

Bulk flow occurs until –

A

terminal bronchioles

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27
Q

What is the main mechanism of ventilation in the respiratory zone?

A

diffusion (due to small forward velocity)

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28
Q

In the –, alveoli start to appear at the 17th through 19th generations

A

transitional zone

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29
Q

what comprises the respiratory zone?

A

alveolar ducts and sacs –> tracheobronchial tree

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30
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

large mononuclear cells that inhabit alveolar surface

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31
Q

function of alveolar macrophages

A

engulf inhaled particles

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32
Q

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

A

type I alveolar cells

33
Q

free surface has microvilli and they secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

A

type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

34
Q

wandering macrophages that remove debris

A

alveolar dust cells

35
Q

how thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

1/2 um

36
Q

there’s a rapid increase in – of the airways in the respiratory zone

A

cross-sectional area

37
Q

Effects of the increased total cross-sectional area in the airways of the respiration zone

A

small forward velocity of gas during inspiration in respiratory bronchioles

so diffusion becomes main mode of ventilation

38
Q

Clara cells secrete –

A

proteins (surfactant apoproteins, glycoproteins), lipids, and modulators of inflammation

39
Q

Clara cells metabolize –

A

foreign material

40
Q

Clara cells help in –

A

airway fluid balance

41
Q

three types of collateral ventilation

A
  1. inter bronchiolar channel of Martin
  2. Bronchiole-alveolar channel of Lambert
  3. interalveolar pore of Kohn
42
Q

The branches of the pulmonary arteries tend to follow the –

A

bronchial tree

43
Q

Pulmonary arterioles (diameter <100 m) are normally devoid of –.

A

muscular tissue

44
Q

form a dense network in the walls of one or more alveoli.

A

capillaries

45
Q

pulmonary capillaries have diameters similar to –

A

RBC (10 um)

46
Q

Owing to the –, vascularity tends to be greater in the dependent parts of the lung with important effects on regional ventilation-perfusion relationships.

A

gravitational effect

47
Q

How do bronchi receive blood?

A

bronchial arteries directly from aorta

48
Q

Part of the bronchial circulation mingles with pulmonary venous drainage constituting a – which has not experienced pulmonary gas exchange.

A

very small shunt of deoxygenated blood

49
Q

properties of blood vessels

A
  1. ramification over air spaces
  2. even distribution of perfusion
  3. low vascular resistance
  4. recruitment during exercise
50
Q

thickness of capillary endothelial cells

A

0.1 um (slightly thicker than the 1 alveolar epithelial cells)

51
Q

93% of the alveolar lining membrane.

A

type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

52
Q

Polarity of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells

A

alveolar and basal surfaces have different functions

53
Q

Can type 1 alveolar epithelial cells divide?

A

no

54
Q

where are type II alveolar cells located?

A

septal junctions

55
Q

shape of type II alveolar cells

A

cuboidal/septal

56
Q

type II alveolar cells are covered with –

A

microvilli

57
Q

type II alveolar cells contain –

A

osmophilic organelles

58
Q

function of osmophilic organelles

A

synthesis, storage, and discharge of surfactant phospholipid

59
Q

how can type II alveolar cells become responsible for the growth and repair of the entire alveolar epithelium?

A

transforming into type I cells

60
Q

rich in destructive enzymes and are active in combating infection and scavenging foreign bodies such as dust particles

A

alveolar macrophages

61
Q

location of alveolar macrophages

A

pass through alveolar epithelium and lie within the alveolar lining fluid

62
Q

interstitial cells

A

fibroblasts, myocytes, dendritic cells, neurons

63
Q

function of fibroblast

A

produce collagen and elastin to support the lung

64
Q

function of myocytes

A

contract

65
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

immune defense

66
Q

where are neurons found?

A

wall of airways

67
Q

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung • Alveolar Type I

A

• Alveolar Type I 8%

68
Q

function of central controller

A

generate rhythmic pattern of inspiration and expiration

69
Q

where is the central controller found?

A

medulla and pons

70
Q

central controller receives input from –

A

chemoreceptors, lung, and cortex

71
Q

though impulses to other respiratory muscles exist, the main output of central controller is –

A

phrenic nerves

72
Q

5 non-respiratory functions of lung

A
  1. filtration of particles
  2. filtration and dissolution of thrombi
  3. antioxidase protectoin
  4. immunological defense
  5. conversion of angiotensin I to II
73
Q

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Alveolar Type II

A

• Alveolar Type II 16%

74
Q

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Endothelial

A

• Endothelial 30%

75
Q

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Interstitial

A

interstitial 36%

76
Q

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Macrophages

A

• Macrophages 10%

77
Q

shape of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

A

broad and flat

78
Q

thickness of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

A

0.1 um

79
Q

cytoplasm of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

A

clear

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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