Renal 1

Question 1

what are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

1. regulate [water], inorganic ion balance, and internal fluid volume
2. excrete metabolic waste
3. remove foreign chemicals
4. gluconeogenesis
5. release hormones

Question 2

excreting metabolic waste into urine is a – process that prevents toxic build up

Answer 2

rapid

Question 3

waste from protein catabolism

Answer 3

urea

Question 4

waste from purine degradation

Answer 4

uric acid

Question 5

end product of Hb breakdown that gives urine its color

Answer 5

creatinine

Question 6

what three hormones/factors do kidneys secrete into the blood?

Answer 6

erythropoietin, renin, vitamin D

Question 7

what are the two main components of the nephron?

Answer 7

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 8

what are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 8

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 9

glomerular capillaries sit inside a – called the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 9

fluid filled sack

Question 10

what is filtrate?

Answer 10

blood - proteins and cells

Question 11

filtrate from glomerulus to bladder

Answer 11

glomerulus
Bowman's space
proximal tubule
Loop of Henle: descending limb
ascending limb (thin --> thick)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder

Question 12

T/F: the collecting duct passes the medulla region

Answer 12

true

Question 13

each nephron is independent until they reach the – where multiple nephrons come together

Answer 13

collecting duct

Question 14

renal corpuscle lies in – component segment

Answer 14

cortical

Question 15

two types of nephrons

Answer 15

juxtamedullary and cortical

Question 16

juxtamedullary of all the nephrons where the – lies at the cortical-medullary junction

Answer 16

renal corpuscle

Question 17

which parts of the Juxtamedullary nephrons transverse into the medulla region?

Answer 17

Loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries

Question 18

what is the importance of juxtamedullary’s Loop of Henle transversing into the medulla region

Answer 18

generates the osmotic gradient in the medulla that regulates water and inorganic ions

Question 19

cortical nephrons’s renal corpuscle are in the – region

Answer 19

cortex

Question 20

cortical nephrons are involved in – but do not develop osmotic gradient in the medulla

Answer 20

reabsorption and secretion

Question 21

both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons’ tubules are surrounded by peritubular capillaries that –

Answer 21

pick up all the reabsorbed substances

Question 22

what is the special name for the peritubular capillaries that surround the juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 22

vasa recta

Question 23

peritubular capillaries join to form – where blood leaves the kidney and goes to the heart

Answer 23

veins

Question 24

Blood flows through what structures from the renal artery to the renal vein?

Answer 24

renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
renal vein

Question 25

What are the three basic renal processes that lead to the formation of urine?

Answer 25

glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion

Question 26

describe glomerular filtration

Answer 26

filtration from glomerulus to Bowman's space

Question 27

describe tubular reabsorption

Answer 27

reabsorption of tubular fluid from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries

Question 28

describe tubular secretion

Answer 28

secretion from peritubular plasma or tubular cells themselves into tubular lumen

Question 29

How does the composition of the glomerular filtrate compare with that of plasma?

Answer 29

same except for plasma proteins and RBC

Question 30

glomerular filtration is a -- process

Answer 30

bulk flow

Question 31

between the impermeable endothelial cells are -- where the filtrate travel but it usually stops most cells and proteins

Answer 31

fenestra

Question 32

basement membrane is a non-cellular proteinaceous layer that is -- charged

Answer 32

negatively

Question 33

specialized cells in the Bowman's capsule

Answer 33

podocytes

Question 34

podocytes have -- which are tentacle-like structures

Answer 34

foot processes

Question 35

water and -- substances flow together

Answer 35

low molecular weight

Question 36

why doesn't Ca2+ filter in a bulk flow process? (high concentration in blood but not in filtrate)

Answer 36

Ca2+ is usually bound to plasma proteins

Question 37

what are the forces that determine the magnitude of GFR?

Answer 37

favoring: glomerular capillary blood pressure opposing: fluid pressure in Bowman's space and osmotic force due to plasma proteins

Question 38

what is a normal GFR value?

Answer 38

180 L/day (125 ml/min)

Question 39

-- forms a protein/cell free filtrate which initiates urine formation

Answer 39

filtration force

Question 40

Why is the osmotic pressure in Bowman's space larger than in other capillaries?

Answer 40

greater filtration = more solutes pass much higher [H2O] in Bowman's space

Question 41

what is GFR?

Answer 41

volume of filtrate from glomerulus to BS per unit time

Question 42

what does GFR depend on?

Answer 42

filtration pressure permeability of corpuscle membranes surface area available for filtration