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Systems 1 Part 2 > Renal 1 > Flashcards

Renal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. regulate [water], inorganic ion balance, and internal fluid volume
  2. excrete metabolic waste
  3. remove foreign chemicals
  4. gluconeogenesis
  5. release hormones
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2
Q

excreting metabolic waste into urine is a – process that prevents toxic build up

A

rapid

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3
Q

waste from protein catabolism

A

urea

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4
Q

waste from purine degradation

A

uric acid

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5
Q

end product of Hb breakdown that gives urine its color

A

creatinine

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6
Q

what three hormones/factors do kidneys secrete into the blood?

A

erythropoietin, renin, vitamin D

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7
Q

what are the two main components of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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8
Q

what are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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9
Q

glomerular capillaries sit inside a – called the Bowman’s capsule

A

fluid filled sack

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10
Q

what is filtrate?

A

blood - proteins and cells

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11
Q

filtrate from glomerulus to bladder

A 
glomerulus
Bowman's space
proximal tubule
Loop of Henle: descending limb
ascending limb (thin --> thick)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
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12
Q

T/F: the collecting duct passes the medulla region

A

true

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13
Q

each nephron is independent until they reach the – where multiple nephrons come together

A

collecting duct

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14
Q

renal corpuscle lies in – component segment

A

cortical

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15
Q

two types of nephrons

A

juxtamedullary and cortical

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16
Q

juxtamedullary of all the nephrons where the – lies at the cortical-medullary junction

A

renal corpuscle

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17
Q

which parts of the Juxtamedullary nephrons transverse into the medulla region?

A

Loop of Henle and peritubular capillaries

18
Q

what is the importance of juxtamedullary’s Loop of Henle transversing into the medulla region

A

generates the osmotic gradient in the medulla that regulates water and inorganic ions

19
Q

cortical nephrons’s renal corpuscle are in the – region

A

cortex

20
Q

cortical nephrons are involved in – but do not develop osmotic gradient in the medulla

A

reabsorption and secretion

21
Q

both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons’ tubules are surrounded by peritubular capillaries that –

A

pick up all the reabsorbed substances

22
Q

what is the special name for the peritubular capillaries that surround the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

vasa recta

23
Q

peritubular capillaries join to form – where blood leaves the kidney and goes to the heart

A

veins

24
Q

Blood flows through what structures from the renal artery to the renal vein?

A 
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
renal vein
25
Q

What are the three basic renal processes that lead to the formation of urine?

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

26
Q

describe glomerular filtration

A

filtration from glomerulus to Bowman’s space

27
Q

describe tubular reabsorption

A

reabsorption of tubular fluid from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries

28
Q

describe tubular secretion

A

secretion from peritubular plasma or tubular cells themselves into tubular lumen

29
Q

How does the composition of the glomerular filtrate compare with that of plasma?

A

same except for plasma proteins and RBC

30
Q

glomerular filtration is a – process

A

bulk flow

31
Q

between the impermeable endothelial cells are – where the filtrate travel but it usually stops most cells and proteins

A

fenestra

32
Q

basement membrane is a non-cellular proteinaceous layer that is – charged

A

negatively

33
Q

specialized cells in the Bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

34
Q

podocytes have – which are tentacle-like structures

A

foot processes

35
Q

water and – substances flow together

A

low molecular weight

36
Q

why doesn’t Ca2+ filter in a bulk flow process? (high concentration in blood but not in filtrate)

A

Ca2+ is usually bound to plasma proteins

37
Q

what are the forces that determine the magnitude of GFR?

A

favoring: glomerular capillary blood pressure
opposing: fluid pressure in Bowman’s space and osmotic force due to plasma proteins

38
Q

what is a normal GFR value?

A

180 L/day (125 ml/min)

39
Q

– forms a protein/cell free filtrate which initiates urine formation

A

filtration force

40
Q

Why is the osmotic pressure in Bowman’s space larger than in other capillaries?

A

greater filtration = more solutes pass much higher [H2O] in Bowman’s space

41
Q

what is GFR?

A

volume of filtrate from glomerulus to BS per unit time

42
Q

what does GFR depend on?

A

filtration pressure
permeability of corpuscle membranes
surface area available for filtration

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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