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Systems 1 Part 2 > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is associated with –

A

inspiration

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2
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) is associated with –

A

expiration

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3
Q

expiration is normally a passive function but is activated during –

A

heavy breathing

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4
Q

The Respiratory Rhythm Generator is most likely located in the –

A

pre-Bötzinger complex of the VRG

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5
Q

Respiratory Rhythm Generator composed of – and a complex neural network that sets the basil respiratory rate.

A

pacemaker cells

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6
Q

T/F: VRG has some output to inspiratory, pharynx, larynx, and tongue muscles

A

true

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7
Q

The Medullary area receives rich synaptic input from the –

A

Pons.

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8
Q

two – that serve to fine tune the output of the medullary centers.

A

Pontine Respiratory Centers

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9
Q

– is an abnormal breathing pattern with prolonged inspiratory gasps

A

“Apneusis”

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10
Q

two Pontine Respiratory Centers

A

apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

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11
Q

Apneustic Center in the – Pons

A

lower

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12
Q

function of Apneustic Center

A

excitatory, prolongs inspiration

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13
Q

function of pneumotaxic center

A

turns off inspiration

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14
Q

Combined, these Pontine Centers help – from inspiration to expiration

A

smooth the transition

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15
Q

T/F: pontine centers are the source of cyclic rhythm

A

false

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16
Q

other centers of control excluding medulla and pons

A

cortical

limbic and hypothalamus

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17
Q

limbic and hypothalamus involved in controlling breathing during – responses

A

fear and rage

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18
Q

control of voluntary ventilation

A

cortical

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19
Q

hyperventilation is – than hypoventilation

A

easier

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20
Q

holding ones breath is limited by –

A

PCO2 and PO2

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21
Q

principal effectors of inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals (elevate ribs)

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22
Q

effectors during active expiration

A

internal intercostals
abdominals
(push ribs down)

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23
Q

what maintains upper airway patency especially during sleep

A

nasopharyngeal muscles

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24
Q

afferent sensors for inspiration

A

central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors
lung stretch receptors
muscle and joint receptors

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25
Q

– gather info for the central controller

A

afferent sensors

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26
Q

– cause ventilation

A

effectors

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27
Q

the control scheme of inspiration is a – that maintain homeostatic regulation of ventilation

A

negative feedback loop

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28
Q

chemoreceptor that respond to changes in chemical composition of blood

A

peripheral

29
Q

chemoreceptor that respond to changes in chemical composition of CSF

A

central

30
Q

– sensitive to CO2 are the most important receptors that regulate minute to minute ventilation

A

central chemoreceptors

31
Q

central chemoreceptors are located near –

A

ventral surface of medulla

32
Q

central chemoreceptors are bathed in brain ECF thru which CO2 –

A

easily diffuses from blood

33
Q

are central chemoreceptors sensitive to PO2 of blood?

A

no

34
Q

central chemoreceptors respond to changes of – of the CSF when CO2 diffuses out of the cerebral capillaries

A

H+ (pH)

35
Q

what is the main driver of central chemoreceptors

A

CSF pH

36
Q

normal CSH pH

A

7.32

37
Q

why does CSF has less buffering capability than blood (pH changes more per unit of CO2)?

A

less protein

38
Q

– can be transported in and out of CSF to buffer its pH

A

bicarbonate

39
Q

small changes in - of blood quickly trigger changes in ventilation rate

A

PaCO2 (CO2 of blood)

40
Q

two peripheral controls

A

circulating system receptors and lung receptors

41
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in –

A

O2, CO2, H+

42
Q

– release NT in response to stimulation from peripheral chemoreceptors

A

type 2 glomus cells

43
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid bodies and aortic bodies

44
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors mainly respond to – when it is less than 60 mmHg

A

decrease in pO2

45
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors’ response is non-linear it rapidly increases when PO2 is –

A

less than 100 (steepest <60)

46
Q

carotid bodies have very high blood flow and respond – and their effect on the CNS can very with just a few respiratory cycles

A

very quickly

47
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are responsible for all increase due to –

A

hypoxemia

48
Q

if we resected both carotid bodies, there would be a complete –

A

loss of ventilator drive

49
Q

people with chronic hypoxia develop – and they respond weakly to increased CO2 to increase breathing rate

A

hypertrophied carotid bodies

50
Q

produce faster but smaller response

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

51
Q

severe reduction of oxygen in blood is sensed by – and can stimulate hyperventilation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

52
Q

high altitude – shift to load oxygen more effectively

A

left

53
Q

hyperventilate – shift

A

right

54
Q

lowering PaO2 leads to – at a given PaCO2 though considerable variability is seen between subjects

A

more ventilator response

55
Q

impulses travel along – to modulate breathing frequency regulated by lung stretch receptors

A

vagus nerve

56
Q

more stretch – respiratory rate

A

slower

57
Q

more stretch = slower respiratory rate by –

A

increasing expiratory time

58
Q

less stretch initiates –

A

increased inspiratory activity

59
Q

lung stretch receptors have a self-regulatory –

A

negative feedback loop

60
Q

negative feedback in lung stretch is called

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

61
Q

lung stretch receptors are – pulmonary stretch receptors

A

slow adapting

62
Q

where are irritant receptors located?

A

between airway epithelial cells

63
Q

what stimulates irritant receptors?

A

noxious gases, cigarette smoke, inhaled dust, cold air

64
Q

impulses from irritant receptors travel up –

A

vagus nerve

65
Q

impulses from irritant receptors travel up vagus nerve and elicit –

A

bronchoconstriction and hyperpnea

66
Q

irritant receptors are classified as – pulmonary stretch receptors

A

rapidly adapting

67
Q

where are juxtacapillary receptors located?

A

alveolar walls near capillaries

68
Q

what activates juxtacapillary receptors?

A

engorgement of pulmonary capillaries with blood and increases in interstitial fluid

69
Q

juxtacapillary receptors may play a role in – associated with left heart failure

A

rapid shallow breathing

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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