Control of Breathing

Question 1

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is associated with –

Answer 1

inspiration

Question 2

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) is associated with –

Answer 2

expiration

Question 3

expiration is normally a passive function but is activated during –

Answer 3

heavy breathing

Question 4

The Respiratory Rhythm Generator is most likely located in the –

Answer 4

pre-Bötzinger complex of the VRG

Question 5

Respiratory Rhythm Generator composed of – and a complex neural network that sets the basil respiratory rate.

Answer 5

pacemaker cells

Question 6

T/F: VRG has some output to inspiratory, pharynx, larynx, and tongue muscles

Answer 6

true

Question 7

The Medullary area receives rich synaptic input from the –

Answer 7

Pons.

Question 8

two – that serve to fine tune the output of the medullary centers.

Answer 8

Pontine Respiratory Centers

Question 9

– is an abnormal breathing pattern with prolonged inspiratory gasps

Answer 9

“Apneusis”

Question 10

two Pontine Respiratory Centers

Answer 10

apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

Question 11

Apneustic Center in the – Pons

Answer 11

lower

Question 12

function of Apneustic Center

Answer 12

excitatory, prolongs inspiration

Question 13

function of pneumotaxic center

Answer 13

turns off inspiration

Question 14

Combined, these Pontine Centers help – from inspiration to expiration

Answer 14

smooth the transition

Question 15

T/F: pontine centers are the source of cyclic rhythm

Answer 15

false

Question 16

other centers of control excluding medulla and pons

Answer 16

cortical

limbic and hypothalamus

Question 17

limbic and hypothalamus involved in controlling breathing during – responses

Answer 17

fear and rage

Question 18

control of voluntary ventilation

Answer 18

cortical

Question 19

hyperventilation is – than hypoventilation

Answer 19

easier

Question 20

holding ones breath is limited by –

Answer 20

PCO2 and PO2

Question 21

principal effectors of inspiration

Answer 21

diaphragm and external intercostals (elevate ribs)

Question 22

effectors during active expiration

Answer 22

internal intercostals
abdominals
(push ribs down)

Question 23

what maintains upper airway patency especially during sleep

Answer 23

nasopharyngeal muscles

Question 24

afferent sensors for inspiration

Answer 24

central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors
lung stretch receptors
muscle and joint receptors

Question 25

-- gather info for the central controller

Answer 25

afferent sensors

Question 26

-- cause ventilation

Answer 26

effectors

Question 27

the control scheme of inspiration is a -- that maintain homeostatic regulation of ventilation

Answer 27

negative feedback loop

Question 28

chemoreceptor that respond to changes in chemical composition of blood

Answer 28

peripheral

Question 29

chemoreceptor that respond to changes in chemical composition of CSF

Answer 29

central

Question 30

-- sensitive to CO2 are the most important receptors that regulate minute to minute ventilation

Answer 30

central chemoreceptors

Question 31

central chemoreceptors are located near --

Answer 31

ventral surface of medulla

Question 32

central chemoreceptors are bathed in brain ECF thru which CO2 --

Answer 32

easily diffuses from blood

Question 33

are central chemoreceptors sensitive to PO2 of blood?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

central chemoreceptors respond to changes of -- of the CSF when CO2 diffuses out of the cerebral capillaries

Answer 34

H+ (pH)

Question 35

what is the main driver of central chemoreceptors

Answer 35

CSF pH

Question 36

normal CSH pH

Answer 36

7.32

Question 37

why does CSF has less buffering capability than blood (pH changes more per unit of CO2)?

Answer 37

less protein

Question 38

-- can be transported in and out of CSF to buffer its pH

Answer 38

bicarbonate

Question 39

small changes in - of blood quickly trigger changes in ventilation rate

Answer 39

PaCO2 (CO2 of blood)

Question 40

two peripheral controls

Answer 40

circulating system receptors and lung receptors

Question 41

peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in --

Answer 41

O2, CO2, H+

Question 42

-- release NT in response to stimulation from peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 42

type 2 glomus cells

Question 43

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 43

carotid bodies and aortic bodies

Question 44

peripheral chemoreceptors mainly respond to -- when it is less than 60 mmHg

Answer 44

decrease in pO2

Question 45

peripheral chemoreceptors' response is non-linear it rapidly increases when PO2 is --

Answer 45

less than 100 (steepest <60)

Question 46

carotid bodies have very high blood flow and respond -- and their effect on the CNS can very with just a few respiratory cycles

Answer 46

very quickly

Question 47

peripheral chemoreceptors are responsible for all increase due to --

Answer 47

hypoxemia

Question 48

if we resected both carotid bodies, there would be a complete --

Answer 48

loss of ventilator drive

Question 49

people with chronic hypoxia develop -- and they respond weakly to increased CO2 to increase breathing rate

Answer 49

hypertrophied carotid bodies

Question 50

produce faster but smaller response

Answer 50

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 51

severe reduction of oxygen in blood is sensed by -- and can stimulate hyperventilation

Answer 51

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 52

high altitude -- shift to load oxygen more effectively

Answer 52

left

Question 53

hyperventilate -- shift

Answer 53

right

Question 54

lowering PaO2 leads to -- at a given PaCO2 though considerable variability is seen between subjects

Answer 54

more ventilator response

Question 55

impulses travel along -- to modulate breathing frequency regulated by lung stretch receptors

Answer 55

vagus nerve

Question 56

more stretch -- respiratory rate

Answer 56

slower

Question 57

more stretch = slower respiratory rate by --

Answer 57

increasing expiratory time

Question 58

less stretch initiates --

Answer 58

increased inspiratory activity

Question 59

lung stretch receptors have a self-regulatory --

Answer 59

negative feedback loop

Question 60

negative feedback in lung stretch is called

Answer 60

Hering-Breuer reflex

Question 61

lung stretch receptors are -- pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 61

slow adapting

Question 62

where are irritant receptors located?

Answer 62

between airway epithelial cells

Question 63

what stimulates irritant receptors?

Answer 63

noxious gases, cigarette smoke, inhaled dust, cold air

Question 64

impulses from irritant receptors travel up --

Answer 64

vagus nerve

Question 65

impulses from irritant receptors travel up vagus nerve and elicit --

Answer 65

bronchoconstriction and hyperpnea

Question 66

irritant receptors are classified as -- pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 66

rapidly adapting

Question 67

where are juxtacapillary receptors located?

Answer 67

alveolar walls near capillaries

Question 68

what activates juxtacapillary receptors?

Answer 68

engorgement of pulmonary capillaries with blood and increases in interstitial fluid

Question 69

juxtacapillary receptors may play a role in -- associated with left heart failure

Answer 69

rapid shallow breathing