Obstructive diseases Flashcards
lung – systemic venous blood before it returns to the left ventricles
filtrates
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
treatment for obstructive diseases are –
similar regardless of underlying pathology
invasive procedures may be necessary for treatment of –
pleural diseases, interstitial lung diseases and malignancies
what does spirometry measure
vital capacity, timed volumes
– allows for air-flow studies
spirometry
blood gases are taken from – to measure pH, pCO2, pO2
artery
pH is determined by–
respiratory and metabolic acid production
pCO2 is determined by –
ventilation rate
pO2 is determined by –
ventilation rate, O2 content of inhaled air, diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries
normal range of pH
7.35 - 7.45
normal range of pCO2
35-45 mmHg
normal range of pO2
80-100 mmHg
pulse oximetry measures –
O2 saturation through skin
compare pulse oxymetry and blood gas measurement
pulse oximetry is less accurate but quicker
continuous flow-volume loops are useful in detecting –
laryngeal and tracheal lesions
how can ventilation/perfusion studies be assessed?
nuclear scans
pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test to monitor the percentage of –
hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
nuclear ventilation/perfusion scans can detect – and also evaluate lung function in advanced COPD
pulmonary embolism
COPD is united by presence of –
persistent airflow limitation (and dyspnea)
COPD is caused by –
chronic bronchitis or emphysema
what is more common chronic bronchitis or emphysema?
chronic bronchitis
Asthmatic patients with emphysema and/or bronchitis are considered to have –
“asthmatic bronchitis”
aging (after 20) –>
less alveoli and lung capillaries
lung functions that are affected by aging –
compliance, lung volume, airflow, diffusing capacity
can purely age-related change lead to clinically significant symptoms
no
in smokers, injury due to inflammation is – and accelerates the effects of aging
superimposed on
a key enzyme that inhibits human proteases, such as neutrophil elastase
alpha1-antitrypsin
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency results in a susceptibility to –
alveolar injury
exposure to environmental toxins have effect similar to that of –
smoking
obesity affects –
lung mechanics
what is deconditioning?
respiratory muscle weakness
deconditioning progresses dyspnea to –
severe COPD
factors that lead to deconditioning
dyspnea –> lack of physical activity
severe anxiety –> increases respiratory rate
difficulty eating –> compromises muscle energy supply
where does damage occur for emphysema?
terminal part of respiratory tree
emphysema: alveoli become –
distended (can’t fully empty, some break)
emphysema: terminal bronchioles lose –
elastic recoil