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Systems 1 Part 2 > Clinical aspects of lung cancer > Flashcards

Clinical aspects of lung cancer Flashcards

1
Q

features of cancer cells

A 
abnormal nuclei
lack of differentiation
mutated chromosomes
gene amplification
do NOT undergo apoptosis
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2
Q

T/F: cancer may be present even though we can’t see it radiographically

A

true

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3
Q

smallest detectable cancer radiographically is –

A

1 cm^3 or 10^9 cells

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4
Q

diagnosis cancer thru

A

biopsy (tissue sample) or blood (circulating tumor cells)

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5
Q

lymph node sarcoma is always stage –

A

IV

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6
Q

excluding –, chemotherapy can’t cure cancer

A

leukemia, lymphoma, testicular cancer

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7
Q

monitor cancer thru –

A

surveillance imaging or serial blood sampling

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8
Q

how can cancer be cured?

A

detect early –> surgery/radiation

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9
Q

what do we do about cancer?

A

identify, diagnose, stage, treat, monitor

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10
Q

is lung cancer hereditary?

A

no

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11
Q

lung cancer is the – most commonly diagnosed caner

A

2nd

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12
Q

lung cancer is the – cause of cancer death

A

1

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13
Q

common symptoms of lung cancer

A

fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, low-grade fever

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14
Q

hemoptysis; pleural effusion; chest pain is a – symptom of lung cancer that usually goes to bone

A

less common

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15
Q

lung cancer –> protein bodies –>

A

paraneoplastic syndrome (rare)

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16
Q

risk factors for lung cancer

A

smoking, age, prior radiation, family history, asbestos

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17
Q

median age at lung cancer diagnosis

A

70

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18
Q

what is pack years?

A

(# cigarettes a day/20) x # years smoked

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19
Q

what is a greater risk factor in regards to smoking?

A

duration is greater risk than number of cigarettes

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20
Q

it takes – to decrease risk of dying from lung cancer by half

A

10 years of quitting smoking

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21
Q

T/F: after quitting smoking the risk of dying from lung cancer goes back to that of a non-smoker

A

false

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22
Q

T/F: most smokers do not develop lung cancer

A

true

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23
Q

yearly lung screening is recommended for –

A

55-80 y/o with 30 years history of smoking and active in last 15 years and can undergo curative surgery

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24
Q

yearly lung screening test is –

A

low dose CT (better than CXR)

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25
Q

biopsy types in increasing accuracy (small to big)

A

FNA < core needle < excisional

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26
Q

biopsy sites

A

lung peripheral or perihilar (preferred over metastasis sites)

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27
Q

interventional radiology is usually – guided

A

CT

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28
Q

interventional pulmonology via –

A

bronchoscopy

29
Q

thoracic surgery

A

excisional

30
Q

risks of biopsies

A

hemoptysis, pneumothorax, bleeding

31
Q

which is more prevalent small cell or non-small cell lung cancer?

A

non-small cell lung cancer

32
Q

prevalence of non-small cell lung cancer in increasing order

A

large cell < squamous cell < adenocarcinoma

33
Q

small cell lung cancer is usually seen near – and is almost always caused by smoking

A

bronchi

34
Q

this type of cancer can begin almost any part of lung and often grows and spreads quickly

A

large cell carcinoma

35
Q

squamous cell carcinoma tumors appear in – usually near bronchi

A

flat cells that line airways

36
Q

squamous cell carcinoma is usually caused by smoking and is more common in –

A

men

37
Q

squamous cell carcinoma grows –

A

slowly

38
Q

adenocarcinoma usually arises in –

A

cells lining alveoli

39
Q

adenocarcinoma is a common form of lung cancer in –

A

non-smokers

40
Q

T?F: adenocarcinoma is seen in smokers

A

true

41
Q

preferred treatment for NSCLC

A

stages 1 and 2: surgery + systemic therapy

stage 3: cheomradiotherapy or surgery + systemic therapy

stage 4: systemic therapy

42
Q

preferred treatment for SCLC

A

limited-stage (I-3): surgery or radiation therapy + systemic therapy

extensive stage (4): systemic therapy

43
Q

which stage is incurable?

A

stage IV

44
Q

only true cure for NSCLC

A

chemoradiatio or surgery

45
Q

T/F: high risk of relapse or secondary cancer

A

true

46
Q

which type of lung cancer is more aggressive?

A

SCLC

47
Q

RT: conventional radiation therapy delivers –

A

small dose of tumor directed radiation over a long time in highly fractioned manner

48
Q

SBRT/SRS (stereotactic): delivers –

A

higher doses of tumor directed radiation in fewer fractions

49
Q

which tumor directed radiation therapy is more focused and therefore preserves more tissue

A

SBRT/SRS

50
Q

whole brain radiation can also be given to treat – (but lowers cognition)

A

SCLC

51
Q

Drugs that inhibit cell division, but are not specific for cancer cells

A

chemotherapy

52
Q

Drugs that inhibit new blood vessel growth and eventual death of cancer cell

A

angiogenesis inhibitors

53
Q

Drugs that target unique characteristics of cancer (oncogenic driver mutations)

A

targeted therapy

54
Q

Drugs that harness a patient’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer

A

immunotherapy

55
Q

systemic therapy types

A

chemotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, targeted therapy, immunotherapy

56
Q

which systemic therapy type has a lot of side effects

A

chemotherapy

57
Q

what is the standard systemic therapy after surgical resection of NSCLC

A

chemotherapy (adjuvant or concurrent)

58
Q

Stage IV NSCLC: – is a marker of the immune system and indicates if a patient will respond to immunotherapies

A

PD-L1

59
Q

Stage IV NSCLC: molecular testing for targetable –

A

driver mutations

60
Q

mutation that causes cancer cells to grow uninhibited

A

EGFR

61
Q

what can target EGFR mutations?

A

TKI = tyrosine kinase inhibitors

62
Q

ALK or anapestic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangement is common in –

A

non-smoking Asian women

63
Q

treat ALK with –

A

oral therapies

64
Q

– gene rearrangement is commonly found in smokers

A

ROS1

65
Q

BRAF mutation is seen in –

A

NSCLC smokers and melanoma

66
Q

PDL1 (dark brown) is a marker used in normal body with – to tell T cell not to kill it

A

viral infection

67
Q

T/F: tumor cells have evolved to express PD-L1 to prevent being killed by T cell

A

true

68
Q

if a patient has – PD-L1 staining we use pembrolizumab immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 therapy)

A

more than 50%

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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