Control of Breathing 2

Question 1

muscle spindles are abundant in muscles of the –

Answer 1

chest wall

Question 2

muscle stretch activates spindle afferent fibers causing –

Answer 2

reflex extrafusal fiber contraction (alpha-efferent activation)

Question 3

intrafusal fiber contraction (gamma-efferent activation) – stretch response

Answer 3

amplifies

Question 4

muscle spindles sense – of muscles of respiration

Answer 4

elongation

Question 5

muscle spindles may contribute to – during bronchospasm where increased efforts are needed to generate a breath

Answer 5

sense of dyspnea

Question 6

mechanoreceptors in the joint and muscles detect –

Answer 6

limb movement

Question 7

mechanoreceptors instruct the inspiratory center to –

Answer 7

increase breathing rate

Question 8

mechanoreceptors are important for – response to exercise

Answer 8

early (anticipatory) ventilator

Question 9

cough receptors are rapidly adapting irritant receptors on the –

Answer 9

mucosa of lung

Question 10

stimulated cough receptors send impulses to –

Answer 10

internal laryngeal nerve to vagus

Question 11

impulse send to internal laryngeal nerve and vagus nerve stimulate – then the impulses travel back to respiratory muscles and bronchioles

Answer 11

brainstem

Question 12

deep breath in, larynx –

Answer 12

closes

Question 13

deep breath in –>

Answer 13

high pressure and accessory muscles contract

Question 14

after accessory muscles contract, – and air is forced out rapidly (cough)

Answer 14

larynx and glottis open

Question 15

during cough, airways – to focus beam of air and flush out irritants

Answer 15

narrow

Question 16

what is atelectasis?

Answer 16

alveolar collapse

Question 17

what usually prevents atelectasis (alveolar collapse)?

Answer 17

surfactant

Question 18

response to atelectasis (alveolar collapse)

Answer 18

sighs

Question 19

during sighs, – accumulate in pre-Botzinger complex

Answer 19

neuropeptides

Question 20

accumulated neuropeptides in pre-Botzinger complex trigger –

Answer 20

breath stack

Question 21

what is a breath stack?

Answer 21

second inspiration before completed expiration

Question 22

during sighs, there is a – of lung and recruitment of atelectatic alveoli

Answer 22

hyperinflation

Question 23

ventilation during sleep is under – control

Answer 23

automatic

Question 24

ventilation during sleep is driven by –

Answer 24

changes in PaCO2

Question 25

sleep onset leads to – in central ventilatory drive

Answer 25

decrease

Question 26

sleep onset leads to – in muscle tone

Answer 26

decrease

Question 27

sleep onset leads to – ventilator responsiveness

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

sleep leads to increase in –

Answer 28

PaCO2 and pulmonary artery pressure

Question 29

partial obstruction of airway during sleep leads to –

Answer 29

snoring

Question 30

no airflow during sleep and desaturating

Answer 30

central sleep apnea

Question 31

trying to breathe during sleep and desaturating

Answer 31

obstructive sleep apnea (more common)

Question 32

gold standard to treat sleep apnea

Answer 32

CPAP machine

Question 33

how to treat mild to moderate sleep apnea

Answer 33

dental devices

Question 34

how do dental devices treat sleep apnea?

Answer 34

open airway by pushing lower jaw, tongue, and soft tissue forward

Question 35

at high elevation (low O2) body produces more –

Answer 35

erythropoietin (so that we can carry the same amount of oxygen)

Question 36

carbonic anhydrase excrete bicarbonate urine –>

Answer 36

pH drop and makes you breathe faster = compensate for hypoxia