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Systems 1 Part 2 > Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Nasopharyngitis

A

common cold

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2
Q

Nasopharyngitis is mostly caused by –

A

virus

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3
Q

most common cold viruses

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses & respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

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4
Q

Viruses are not part of normal flora of respiratory tract, therefore they need to be –

A

passed on from another human

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5
Q

Influenza types A or B viruses cause epidemics of disease almost every –

A

winter

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6
Q

Influenza type A subtypes

A

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

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7
Q

how is flu transmitted?

A

Through expired air from an infected person and also by direct contact with respiratory droplets

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8
Q

flu’s incubation period is usually – but can range from 1-5 days

A

2 days

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9
Q

flu symptoms

A

Abrupt onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and non-productive cough

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10
Q

Serious flu illness less likely if –

A

naturally exposed or vaccinated

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11
Q

antivirals that protect against A and B

A

tamiflu and relenza

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12
Q

antivirals that protect agains A viruses only

A

amantadine and rimantadine

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13
Q

are antivirals a substitute for vaccines?

A

no

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14
Q

major complication that may develop ~ 5 days after viral influenza

A

pneumonia

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15
Q

pneumonia: Worsened cough, difficulty breathing, persistent or recurring fever, sometimes –

A

bloody sputum

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16
Q

pneumonia is more common in –

A

older people and people with heart or lung disease

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17
Q

which type of pneumonia is more common?

A

bacterial

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18
Q

T/F: viral pneumonia may occur with high fatality rate

A

true

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19
Q

flu complication that occurs almost exclusively in children

A

Reye’s syndrome

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20
Q

Infants, children, and teenagers should not be given – for fever reduction or pain relief

A

aspirin

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21
Q

symptoms of Reye’s syndrome

A

Severe vomiting and confusion, which may progress to coma

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22
Q

flu complications for children under one years old

A

meningitis and encephalitis

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23
Q

– strains are included in each year’s influenza vaccine

A

most common influenza A and influenza B

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24
Q

flu vaccines are recommended for

A

everyone older than 6 months

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25
Q

– vaccine is recommended for everyone

A

inactivated form (IM)

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26
Q

– vaccine in which children may benefit the most but not recommended for children under 2 yrs of age

A

live attenuated form (nasal spray)

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27
Q

high dose vaccine is –

A

intradermal

28
Q

high dose vaccine intended for –

A

over 65 years old

29
Q

T/F: etiology of pharyngitis can be viral or bacterial

A

true

30
Q

common symptoms of pharyngitis

A

soreness, scratchiness or irritation of throat

31
Q

T/F: fever MUST be present in pharyngitis

A

false

32
Q

Is systemic symptoms usual for pharyngitis?

A

no

33
Q

some signs of pharyngitis

A

erythema, edema, exudates of throat; skin rash and strawberry tongue

34
Q

diagnosis of pharyngitis

A

throat culture and rapid strep test

35
Q

Pharyngitis + group A strep –>

A

RF, glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever

36
Q

what is scarlet fever?

A

strep pharyngitis with allergy mediated skin rash

37
Q

pharyngitis + GAS may lead to (but rarely) –

A

necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome

38
Q

necrotizing fasciitis is deeply seated infection of – destroying fascia and fat

A

subcutaneous tissue

39
Q

toxic shock syndrome includes –, shock and multiorgan failure

A

bacteremia

40
Q

why has rapid strep test replace throat culture as the first line test for pharyngitis?

A

98% specificity
75% sensitivity
rarely get false-positive

41
Q

are false negatives possible with rapid strep test?

A

yes

42
Q

in –, a negative rapid strep test is recommended to be confirmed by a throat culture

A

symptomatic child

43
Q

why is throat culture not recommended for symptomatic adults with a negative rapid strep test?

A

adults are less likely to have strep and initial attacks of RF are rare in adults

44
Q

treatment for viral pharyngitis

A

none

45
Q

treatment for bacterial pharyngitis

A

10-14 days of penicillin for GAS (group A beta hemolytic streptococcus)

46
Q

etiology of otitis media

A

bacterial or viral

47
Q

etiology of otitis media is usually bacterial in –

A

children

48
Q

bacterial etiology of otitis media

A

S. pneumonia, Hib, S. pyogenes

49
Q

symptoms of otitis media

A

severe pain

50
Q

signs of otitis media

A

erythema and bulging tympanic membranes, loss of light reflex

51
Q

how do you diagnose otitis media?

A

pneumatic otoscopy

tympanography

52
Q

what treatment improves symptoms of otitis media?

A

antibiotics

53
Q

Can otitis media improve without antibiotics?

A

yes

54
Q

are decongestants useful in treating otitis media?

A

no

55
Q

what are some complications of otitis media?

A

chronic serous otitis, hearing loss

56
Q

otitis externa is usually associated with –

A

moisture

57
Q

what is the most common cause of otitis externa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa sometimes S. aureus

58
Q

otitis externa can be malignant in –

A

diabetics

59
Q

treatment of noncomplicated otitis externa

A

topical, keep ears dry

60
Q

treatment of malignant otitis externa

A

surgery and systemic anitbiotics

61
Q

most cases of sinusitis are –

A

bacterial

62
Q

sinusitis usually follows –

A

common cold

63
Q

bacteria that causes sinusitis

A

S. pneumonia, H. influenza (acute), anaerobes (chronic) Gram negative bacteria

64
Q

symptoms of sinusitis

A

facial pain, frontal headaches, purulent nasal discharge

65
Q

signs of sinusitis

A

tenderness over sinuses

66
Q

how do you diagnosis sinusitis?

A

CT and MRI (best but $$$$$)

routine x-rays are insensitive

67
Q

treatment of sinusitis

A

antibiotics, lavage

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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