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Systems 1 Part 2 > Pleural Diseases > Flashcards

Pleural Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal pleura covers – diaphragm and mediastinum

A

inner surface of chest wall,

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2
Q

parietal pleura’s blood supply

A

high-pressure systemic circulation

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3
Q

does the parietal pleura have sensory nerves?

A

yes

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4
Q

Visceral pleura covers the –

A

surface of lungs

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5
Q

visceral pleura’s blood supply

A

low-pressure pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

does the visceral pleura have sensory nerves?

A

no

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7
Q

pleural space contains 5-10 ml of fluid with – protein concentration

A

very low

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8
Q

pH and glucose level of pleural space

A

same as plasma

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9
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

fluid accumulation in pleural space

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10
Q

exudative pleural effusion is caused by – usually from lung disease

A

inflammation of pleura

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11
Q

Infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis), malignancies (mesothelioma), infiltrative diseases (sarcoidosis) & pulmonary embolism causes – pleural effusion

A

exudative

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12
Q

heart failure, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis causes – pleural effusion

A

transudative

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13
Q

transudative pleural effusion is caused by –

A

abnormal lung pressure

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14
Q

which pleural effusion type has a much higher levels of proteins, cells and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme produced in the lung tissue?

A

exudative

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15
Q

treatment of pleural effusion

A

drain (thoracentesis) and treat underlying problem

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16
Q

mesothelioma is one of the causes of –

A

pleural effusion

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17
Q

50% of mesothelioma is due to – exposure

A

asbestos

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18
Q

T/F: mesothelioma may occur 30 years after asbestos exposures

A

true

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19
Q

median age of mesothelioma

A

60

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20
Q

mesothelioma gender preference

A

men

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21
Q

mesothelioma not caused by asbestos exposure is due to –

A

radiation and Simian virus infection (SV40)

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22
Q

diagnosis of mesothelioma: CXR show –

A

effusion

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23
Q

diagnosis of mesothelioma: biopsy through –

A

thoracoscopy

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24
Q

treatment of mesothelioma: may include

A

surgery

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25
Q

– do not improve survival from mesothelioma

A

radiation and chemotherapy

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26
Q

mesothelioma: goal of surgery

A

removal all grossly visible tumor

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27
Q

pleura has a layer of mesothelial cells that produce – for lubrication

A

hyaluronic acid

28
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

gas in pleural space

29
Q

one cause of pneumothorax is perforation of –

A

visceral pleura

30
Q

one cause of pneumothorax is – of chest wall, diaphragm or esophagus

A

penetration

31
Q

one cause of pneumothorax is gas generated by –

A

microorganisms

32
Q

predisposing factors of pneumothorax

A

smoking and genetic factors

33
Q

male to female ratio for primary/spontaneous pneumothorax

A

6:1

34
Q

male to female ratio for secondary pneumothorax

A

3:1

35
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax type

A

in previously healthy 20-40 yrs-old at lung apex

36
Q

secondary pneumothorax type

A

result of trauma or pulmonary diseases

37
Q

what pneumothorax type is associated with acute pain, dyspnea, cough?

A

spontaneous

38
Q

what pneumothorax type is associated with trauma iatrogenic through insertion of central lines

A

secondary

39
Q

what pneumothorax type is associated with decreased breath sounds

A

spontaneous

40
Q

what pneumothorax type is evident on CXR –

A

spontaneous

41
Q

treatment for small spontaneous pneumothorax

A

heals spontaneously

42
Q

treatment for large spontaneous pneumothorax

A

air aspiration

43
Q

treatment for secondary pneumothorax

A

chest tube placement (surgery for severe cases)

44
Q

clinically, patients with pleural diseases feel –

A

dyspnea

45
Q

most pleural disease cases require –

A

rapid intervention

46
Q

thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens for viewing and a tool to –

A

remove tissue

47
Q

removal of parietal or visceral pleura

A

pleurectomy

48
Q

removal of lung

A

pneumonectomy

49
Q

respiratory rate for hypoventilation

A

< 10 breaths.min

50
Q

causes of hypoventilation include COPD, asthma, pneumonia, pneumothorax, restrictions lung diseases,, heart failure and –

A

pulmonary edema

51
Q

causes of hypoventilation: CNS inhibitions such as

A

stroke and drug overdose

52
Q

causes of hypoventilation: neuromuscular

A

polio, myasthenia gravis

53
Q

causes of hypoventilation: musculoskeletal

A

severe kyphoscoliosis or ankylosing spondylitis

54
Q

causes of hypoventilation: upper airway problem

A

obstruction secondary to foreign body or swelling secondary to allergic rxns or infections

55
Q

hypoventilation: due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch –>

A

decrease in alveolar and capillary PO2

increase in PCO2 (hypoxemia and hypercapnia)

56
Q

treatment of hypoventilation specifically high PCO2

A

increase in alveolar ventilation

57
Q

hypoventilation may lead to –, hypercapnic respiratory failure, acidosis, and cor pulmonale

A

cardiac arrhythmia

58
Q

sleep apnea syndrome: Prolonged episodes of –, loud snoring, daytime hypersomnolence, insomnia, obesity, hypertension

A

no breathing during sleep

59
Q

treatment for sleep apnea: –dental devices, uvulopalatoplasty, remove intranasal adenoids

A

correct deviated nasal septum

60
Q

hyperventilation is associated with –

A

anxiety

61
Q

hyperventilation signs and symptoms: –, sweating, flushing, paresthesias, tingling of fingertips, sometimes even tetany

A

Tightness of chest

62
Q

tx for hyperventilation:

A

treat anxiety and rebreathe exhaled air

63
Q

in patients with severe dyspnea positioning is important so avoid –

A

orthopnea

64
Q

avoid – in severe dyspnea

A

bilateral blocks and rubber dam

65
Q

patients with pulmonary disease may require – oxygen

A

low flow

66
Q

should you use CNS depressants and drying agents with patients with pulmonary disease

A

no

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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