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Systems 1 Part 2 > Pleural Diseases > Flashcards

Pleural Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal pleura covers – diaphragm and mediastinum

A

inner surface of chest wall,

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2
Q

parietal pleura’s blood supply

A

high-pressure systemic circulation

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3
Q

does the parietal pleura have sensory nerves?

A

yes

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4
Q

Visceral pleura covers the –

A

surface of lungs

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5
Q

visceral pleura’s blood supply

A

low-pressure pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

does the visceral pleura have sensory nerves?

A

no

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7
Q

pleural space contains 5-10 ml of fluid with – protein concentration

A

very low

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8
Q

pH and glucose level of pleural space

A

same as plasma

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9
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

fluid accumulation in pleural space

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10
Q

exudative pleural effusion is caused by – usually from lung disease

A

inflammation of pleura

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11
Q

Infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis), malignancies (mesothelioma), infiltrative diseases (sarcoidosis) & pulmonary embolism causes – pleural effusion

A

exudative

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12
Q

heart failure, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis causes – pleural effusion

A

transudative

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13
Q

transudative pleural effusion is caused by –

A

abnormal lung pressure

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14
Q

which pleural effusion type has a much higher levels of proteins, cells and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme produced in the lung tissue?

A

exudative

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15
Q

treatment of pleural effusion

A

drain (thoracentesis) and treat underlying problem

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16
Q

mesothelioma is one of the causes of –

A

pleural effusion

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17
Q

50% of mesothelioma is due to – exposure

A

asbestos

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18
Q

T/F: mesothelioma may occur 30 years after asbestos exposures

A

true

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19
Q

median age of mesothelioma

A

60

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20
Q

mesothelioma gender preference

A

men

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21
Q

mesothelioma not caused by asbestos exposure is due to –

A

radiation and Simian virus infection (SV40)

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22
Q

diagnosis of mesothelioma: CXR show –

A

effusion

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23
Q

diagnosis of mesothelioma: biopsy through –

A

thoracoscopy

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24
Q

treatment of mesothelioma: may include

A

surgery

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25
-- do not improve survival from mesothelioma
radiation and chemotherapy
26
mesothelioma: goal of surgery
removal all grossly visible tumor
27
pleura has a layer of mesothelial cells that produce -- for lubrication
hyaluronic acid
28
what is pneumothorax?
gas in pleural space
29
one cause of pneumothorax is perforation of --
visceral pleura
30
one cause of pneumothorax is -- of chest wall, diaphragm or esophagus
penetration
31
one cause of pneumothorax is gas generated by --
microorganisms
32
predisposing factors of pneumothorax
smoking and genetic factors
33
male to female ratio for primary/spontaneous pneumothorax
6:1
34
male to female ratio for secondary pneumothorax
3:1
35
spontaneous pneumothorax type
in previously healthy 20-40 yrs-old at lung apex
36
secondary pneumothorax type
result of trauma or pulmonary diseases
37
what pneumothorax type is associated with acute pain, dyspnea, cough?
spontaneous
38
what pneumothorax type is associated with trauma iatrogenic through insertion of central lines
secondary
39
what pneumothorax type is associated with decreased breath sounds
spontaneous
40
what pneumothorax type is evident on CXR --
spontaneous
41
treatment for small spontaneous pneumothorax
heals spontaneously
42
treatment for large spontaneous pneumothorax
air aspiration
43
treatment for secondary pneumothorax
chest tube placement (surgery for severe cases)
44
clinically, patients with pleural diseases feel --
dyspnea
45
most pleural disease cases require --
rapid intervention
46
thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens for viewing and a tool to --
remove tissue
47
removal of parietal or visceral pleura
pleurectomy
48
removal of lung
pneumonectomy
49
respiratory rate for hypoventilation
< 10 breaths.min
50
causes of hypoventilation include COPD, asthma, pneumonia, pneumothorax, restrictions lung diseases,, heart failure and --
pulmonary edema
51
causes of hypoventilation: CNS inhibitions such as
stroke and drug overdose
52
causes of hypoventilation: neuromuscular
polio, myasthenia gravis
53
causes of hypoventilation: musculoskeletal
severe kyphoscoliosis or ankylosing spondylitis
54
causes of hypoventilation: upper airway problem
obstruction secondary to foreign body or swelling secondary to allergic rxns or infections
55
hypoventilation: due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch -->
decrease in alveolar and capillary PO2 | increase in PCO2 (hypoxemia and hypercapnia)
56
treatment of hypoventilation specifically high PCO2
increase in alveolar ventilation
57
hypoventilation may lead to --, hypercapnic respiratory failure, acidosis, and cor pulmonale
cardiac arrhythmia
58
sleep apnea syndrome: Prolonged episodes of --, loud snoring, daytime hypersomnolence, insomnia, obesity, hypertension
no breathing during sleep
59
treatment for sleep apnea: --dental devices, uvulopalatoplasty, remove intranasal adenoids
correct deviated nasal septum
60
hyperventilation is associated with --
anxiety
61
hyperventilation signs and symptoms: --, sweating, flushing, paresthesias, tingling of fingertips, sometimes even tetany
Tightness of chest
62
tx for hyperventilation:
treat anxiety and rebreathe exhaled air
63
in patients with severe dyspnea positioning is important so avoid --
orthopnea
64
avoid -- in severe dyspnea
bilateral blocks and rubber dam
65
patients with pulmonary disease may require -- oxygen
low flow
66
should you use CNS depressants and drying agents with patients with pulmonary disease
no

Systems 1 Part 2 (27 decks)

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