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Advanced Pathology > Respiratory System and Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased levels of oxygen in the tissues

A

Hypoxia

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2
Q

Decreased levels of oxygen in the arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

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3
Q

Increased levels of CO2 in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

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4
Q

Decreased levels of CO2 in the blood

A

Hypocapnia

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5
Q

Difficulty breathing

A

Dyspnea

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6
Q

Rapid rate of breathing

A

Tachypnea

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7
Q

Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to poor oxygenation of the blood

A

Cyanosis

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8
Q

Blood in the sputum

A

Hemoptysis

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9
Q

The incomplete expansion of the lungs

A

Atelectasis

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10
Q

characteristic of atelectasis

A

Collapsed alveoli

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11
Q

Etiology of Atelectasis

A
  • Lack of mobility
  • Pneumonia
  • Radiation disease
  • Granulomatous disease (such as lupus)
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12
Q

irreversible condition causing atelectasis

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis

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13
Q

Reversible condition causing atelectasis

A

Pneumonia

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14
Q

Another word for Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

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15
Q

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration & out during expiration.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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16
Q

Why does air flow?

A

Due to pressure differences b/w the atmosphere & the gases inside the lungs

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17
Q

SEE PICTURE FOR BASIC ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRTORY SYSTEM

A

ON SLIDE ONE

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18
Q

Is transportations of gases an efficient process?

A

Yes, very.

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19
Q

What carries O2?

A

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

Why is Hgb the carrier of O2?

A

it has great affinity for O2

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21
Q

How many molecules of O2 bind to each Hgb?

A

4

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22
Q

What happens to O2 that is picked up by Hgb?

A

It is transported by the blood to various tissues

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23
Q

In what form are CO2 molecules transported?

A

Dissolved form-in our blood

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24
Q

Why is CO2 transported in the dissolved form and O2 transported in Hgb?

A

CO2 is more soluble in water than O2

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25
Q

Is all CO2 formed expelled from the body?

A

No

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26
Q

Why is some CO2 not expelled and instead retained?

A

It reacts with water to form compounds useful for life processes

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27
Q

This is used when the human body knows when to increase the supply of O2 & when to reduce it

A

adaptation

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28
Q

Regulatory system that tells the body when to increase the supply of O2 & when to reduce it

A

medulla

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29
Q

What is the respiratory system very sensitive to?

A

the concentration of CO2 in the arterial blood

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30
Q

What symptoms occur when there is a decrease or increase in CO2 in the arterial blood?

A

-acceleration or slowing down of respiration activity –change in rate & depth of breathing.

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31
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

At the alveolar capillary membrane

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32
Q
  1. Blood low in O2 and high in CO2 is in artery before alveolar
  2. Gases dissolve in moist lining
  3. CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar to be exhaled
  4. Oxygen diffuses into blood
  5. Oxygen is transported around body by RBCs
  6. Blood low in CO2 and high in O2 leaves the alveolar
A

Steps of Gas Exchange at the alveolar capillary membrane

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33
Q

Steps of Gas Exchange at the alveolar capillary membrane

A
  1. Blood low in O2 and high in CO2 is in artery before alveolar
  2. Gases dissolve in moist lining
  3. CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar to be exhaled
  4. Oxygen diffuses into blood
  5. Oxygen is transported around body by RBCs
  6. Blood low in CO2 and high in O2 leaves the alveolar
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34
Q

What occurs in the respiratory system in some C Spine injuries?

A

Medulla and respiratory center of brain can be affected and they may not be able to breath

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35
Q

Why might you find yourself unintentionally breathing faster or slower?

A

The body is trying to achieve equilibrium because it is always working towards homeostasis

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36
Q

What is an example of a disorder that causes the exchange of gases to be impaired?

A

ARDS

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37
Q

Why does ARDS causes the exchange of gases to be impaired?

A

Fluid in the alveolar blocks the exchange of gases

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38
Q

The build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

A

Pleural effusion (PE)

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39
Q

Where can fluid in PE be visualized on a scan?

A

at the bottom of one of the lungs (looks like a fluid sac)

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40
Q

Most common Etiologies of PE

A
  • Malignancy

- HF

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41
Q

Etiology of Pleural Effusion

A
  • Heart failure
  • Kidney failure
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Infection
  • Malignancy
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42
Q
  • Heart failure
  • Kidney failure
  • Infection
  • Malignancy
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Hypoalbuminemia
A

Etiology of Pleural Effusion

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43
Q

What would a pt with Hypoalbuminemia present with?

A
  • critically ill
  • sick
  • nutritional status compromised
  • at risk for PE
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44
Q

Common Symptoms of PE

A
  • Chest pain
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Painful breathing (pleurisy)
  • Cough (dry or productive)
  • Deep breathing typically increases pain.
  • Fever, chills, & loss of appetite
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45
Q
  • Chest pain
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Painful breathing (pleurisy)
  • Cough (dry or productive)
  • Deep breathing typically increases pain.
  • Fever, chills, & loss of appetite
A

Common Symptoms of PE

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46
Q

Why do Fever, chills, & loss of appetite often accompany pleural effusions?

A

Because the PE is caused by infectious agents

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47
Q

Differential Diagnoses

A

When a practitioner differentiates between two or more conditions that could be behind a person’s symptoms

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48
Q

Differential Diagnoses vs Diagnosis. What’s the difference?

A

Differential Diagnoses- more than one possible diagnosis

Diagnosis- one single theory

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49
Q

When diagnosing a pt it is important to

A

Consider all possible etiologies

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50
Q

Example of Differential Diagnoses: You have a client that has a chest x-ray. It shows the pleural effusion. What must a practitioner consider?

A

That pleural effusion has many etiologies and all possibilities must be considered or ruled out

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51
Q

Example of Differential Diagnoses: A pt has a cough. What must a practitioner consider?

A

That a cough can be caused by many things such as a common cold or lung cancer.

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52
Q

What type of fluid builds up in PE?

A
  • Can be clear
  • Could be an exudate
  • Can be all different substances
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53
Q

In what case would exudate build up in PE?

A

In case of infective process

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54
Q

In what case would all different substances build up in PE?

A

In case of malignancy

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55
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Systemic

A
  • high fever

- chills

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56
Q
  • high fever

- chills

A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Systemic

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57
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Central NS

A
  • Headaches
  • Loss of appetite
  • mood swings
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58
Q
  • Headaches
  • Loss of appetite
  • mood swings
A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Central NS

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59
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Skin

A
  • clamminess

- blueness

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60
Q
  • clamminess

- blueness

A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Skin

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61
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Vascular

A

-low BP

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62
Q

-low BP

A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Vascular

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63
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Lungs

A
  • cough with sputum or phlegm
  • SOB
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • hemoptysis
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64
Q
  • cough with sputum or phlegm
  • SOB
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • hemoptysis
A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Lungs

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65
Q

Main Symptom of Infectious Pneumonia: Heart

A
  • High HR
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66
Q
  • High HR
A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Heart

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67
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Gastric

A
  • N and V
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68
Q
  • N and V
A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Gastric

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69
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Muscular

A
  • fatigue

- aches

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70
Q
  • fatigue

- aches

A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Muscular

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71
Q

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Joints

A

-pain

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72
Q

-pain

A

Main Symptoms of Infectious Pneumonia: Joints

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73
Q

What is occurring at the alveolar capillary level in pneumonia?

A
  • inflamed, thickened alveolar wall

- alveolus filled with fluid

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74
Q

How do the changes on the alveolar capillary level affect the body in pneumonia?

A

Gases are unable to perfuse through fluid and inflammation

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75
Q

What happens to someone who gets pneumonia who also has underlying respiratory disease?

A

Makes things more complicated for them than someone who doesn’t have underlying disease

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76
Q

What lab value indicatshypoxemia?

A

low PaO2

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77
Q

What level of PaO2 is normal?

A

80-100 mmHg

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78
Q

What test is conducted to find out PaO2?

A

blood gas

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79
Q

Most Common Pneumonias: Viral

A
  • Influenza A & B

- RSV

80
Q

Most Common Pneumonias: Bacterial

A
  • Strep
  • Mycoplasma
  • Staph
  • Klebsiella
  • Chlamydia
81
Q

Which category of pathogens is are the most common bacterial pneumonias?

A

community acquired

82
Q

Which common bacterial pneumonia is atypical?

A

Chlamydia

83
Q

Which common bacterial pneumonia is typical?

A
  • Strep
  • Staph
  • H. Flu
84
Q

Who gets RSV?

A

infants and children

85
Q

Where is viral pneumonia visualized on a scan?

A

mid lung, midline, attached to inside walls

86
Q

Where is bacterial pneumonia visualized on a scan?

A

mid lung streaching across from inside wall to outside wall

87
Q

How are bacterial and viral pneumonia treated

A

they have different treatments

88
Q

Types of pneumonias

A
  • Aspiration
  • Community-Acquired Acute
  • Community-Acquired Atypical
  • Chronic
  • Nosocomial
  • Necrotizing & lung abscess
  • In immunocompromised
89
Q
  • Community-Acquired Acute
  • Community-Acquired Atypical
  • Nosocomial
  • Aspiration
  • Chronic
  • Necrotizing & lung abscess
  • In immunocompromised
A

Types of pneumonias

90
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias (OVERALL): Community-Acquired Acute

MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW

A
  • Step
  • H. flu
  • Staph aureus
  • Klebsiella
  • MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW*
91
Q
  • Step
  • H. flu
  • Staph aureus
  • Klebsiella

MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW

A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Community-Acquired Acute

MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW

92
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Community-Acquired Atypical

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
  • SARS
93
Q
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
  • SARS
A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Community-Acquired Atypical

94
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Nosocomial

A
  • Klebsiella spp
  • Serratia
  • E. Coli
95
Q
  • Klebsiella spp
  • Serratia
  • E. Coli
A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Nosocomial

96
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Aspiration

A

-Anaerobic oral flora (Bacteroides)

97
Q

-Anaerobic oral flora (Bacteroides)

A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Aspiration

98
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Chronic

A
  • Nocardia
  • Actinomyces
  • TB
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal
99
Q
  • Nocardia
  • Actinomyces
  • TB
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal
A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Chronic

100
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Necrotizing & lung abscess

A
  • Anaerobic bacteria (foreign body, tumor)
101
Q
  • Anaerobic bacteria (foreign body, tumor)
A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: Necrotizing & lung abscess

102
Q

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: In immunocompromised

A
  • CMV
  • Pnumocystis
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal (candida, aspergillus)
103
Q
  • CMV
  • Pnumocystis
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal (candida, aspergillus)
A

Pathogens Causing Pneumonias: In immunocompromised

104
Q

Most common pathogen (s) causing pneumonia (OVERALL): Community-Acquired Acute

MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW

A
  • Step
  • H. flu
  • Staph aureus

MOST IMPORTANT TO KNOW

105
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia (OVERALL): Community-Acquired Atypical

A

None

106
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia(OVERALL): Nosocomial

A

E. Coli

107
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia: Aspiration

A

Anaerobic oral flora (Bacteroides)

108
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia (OVERALL) : Chronic

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • TB
  • Fungal
109
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia(OVERALL): Necrotizing & lung abscess

A

None

110
Q

Most common pathogen(s) causing pneumonia(OVERALL): In immunocompromised

A
  • CMV
  • Pneumocystis
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal (candida, aspergillus)
111
Q

What are all the most common pathogens causing pneumonias?

A
  • Strep
  • Staph aureus
  • H. flu
  • E. Coli
  • Anaerobic oral flora (Bacteroides)
  • Actinomyces
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • TB
  • Fungal
  • CMV
  • Pneumocystis
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal (candida, aspergillus)
112
Q
  • Strep
  • H. flu
  • Staph aureus
  • E. Coli
  • Anaerobic oral flora (Bacteroides)
  • Actinomyces
  • TB
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal
  • CMV
  • Pneumocystis
  • Atypical mycobacteria
  • Fungal (candida, aspergillus)
A

What are all the most common pathogens causing pneumonias?

113
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

Pt that acquires pneumonia after being in a hospital or facility for 24 hrs

114
Q

What are the two types of TB?

A
  • Latent TB

- TB Disease

115
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: Is it live?

A
  • Latent TB: yes

- TB Disease: yes

116
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: Does it grow?

A
  • Latent TB: No

- TB Disease: Active and growing in body

117
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: Does it make a person sick and have symptoms?

A
  • Latent TB: No

- TB Disease: Yes

118
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: Can it spread from person to person?

A
  • Latent TB: No

- TB Disease: Yes

119
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: Can it worsen?

A
  • Latent TB: Yes

- TB Disease: Yes if left untreated

120
Q

Latent TB vs TB Disease: What happens if it worsens?

A
  • Latent TB: Can progress to TB disease

- TB Disease: Can cause death left untreated

121
Q

Types of TB

A
  1. Primary Pulmonary
  2. (Established) Pulmonary
  3. Extrapulmonary
  4. Return of Dormant
  5. Military
  6. Pleuritis
122
Q

All possible NON SPECIFIC symptoms of TB

A
  • poor appetite
  • night sweats
  • weakness
  • fever
  • dry cough
  • weight loss
  • GI symptoms
123
Q

Symptoms of TB: (Established) Pulmonary

A
  • productive cough
  • weakness
  • fever
  • weight loss
124
Q
  • productive cough
  • weakness
  • fever
  • weight loss
A

Symptoms of TB: (Established) Pulmonary

125
Q

Symptoms of TB: Primary Pulmonary

A
  • structural abnormalities
  • night sweats
  • poor appetite
  • weakness
  • fever
  • dry cough
  • weight loss
  • GI symptoms
126
Q
  • structural abnormalities
  • night sweats
  • poor appetite
  • weakness
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • dry cough
  • GI symptoms
A

Symptoms of TB: Primary Pulmonary

127
Q

Symptoms of TB: Military

A
  • poor appetite
  • weakness
  • fever
  • weight loss
128
Q
  • poor appetite
  • weakness
  • fever
  • weight loss
A

Symptoms of TB: Military

129
Q

Symptoms of TB: Return of Dormant

A
  • cough with increasing mucous
  • coughing up blood
  • night sweats
  • poor appetite
  • fever
  • weight loss
130
Q
  • cough with increasing mucous
  • coughing up blood
  • night sweats
  • poor appetite
  • fever
  • weight loss
A

Symptoms of TB: Return of Dormant

131
Q

Symptoms of TB: Pleuritis

A
  • chest pain
  • fever
  • dry cough
132
Q
  • chest pain
  • fever
  • dry cough
A

Symptoms of TB: Pleuritis

133
Q

Symptoms of TB: Extrapulmonary

A
  • Common sites: meninges, lymph nodes, bone and joints, genitourinary tract
  • GI symptoms
134
Q
  • Common sites: meninges, lymph nodes, bone and joints, genitourinary tract
  • GI symptoms
A

Symptoms of TB: Extrapulmonary

135
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: (Established) Pulmonary

A
  • productive cough
136
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: Primary Pulmonary

A
  • structural abnormalities
137
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: Military

A

-none

138
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: Return of Dormant

A
  • cough with increasing mucous

- coughing up blood

139
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: Pleuritis

A

-chest pain

140
Q

Symptoms specific to this type of TB: Extrapulmonary

A

-Common sites: meninges, lymph nodes, bone and joints, genitourinary tract

141
Q

Is TB eradicated in the US?

A

It was then there was a resurgence

142
Q

Why was there a resurgence of TB in the US?

A

Because these organisms change/evolve to become resistant to our medications

143
Q

If you find out you have a pt with newly diagnosed TB what should you do?

A

Report it to the state. TB is reportable.

144
Q

What happens if a pt is refusing their TB medications?

A

They will be incarcerated in some sort of facility while they are infected (according to our public health guideline)

145
Q

What happens to homeless people who get TB and are non-compliant with medications?

A

They must show up daily to a clinic or a medical professional will go out to the street to find them and give them their medications

146
Q

Daily productive cough for three months or more, in at least two consecutive years

A

Chronic Bronchitis

147
Q

Permanent enlargement and destruction of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole

A

Emphysema

148
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema: weight

A

Bronchitis: heavy
Emphysema: thin

149
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

coloring

A

Bronchitis: cyanotic
Emphysema: -

150
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

Hgb

A

Bronchitis: elevated
Emphysema: -

151
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

physical body changes too look for

A

Bronchitis: peripheral edema
Emphysema: barrel chest

152
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

chest sounds

A

Bronchitis: Ronchi
Emphysema: quiet

153
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

age

A

Bronchitis: -
Emphysema: old

154
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema:

breathing

A

Bronchitis: wheezing
Emphysema: severe dyspnea

155
Q

What does emphysema look like on an x-ray?

A

hyperinflation with flattened diaphragms

156
Q

What causes barrel chest?

A

Air trapping

157
Q

Bronchitis vs Emphysema: lung characteristics

A

Bronchitis: inflammation, excess mucus, muscle constriction
Emphysema: alveolar membrane degraded

158
Q

What is the number one cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

159
Q

Imagine someone who has emphysema is having an acute exacerbation of COPD in the ER. O2 level is extremely low and they are not doing well, so we are going to put them on bypass.
Do we want to bring their 02 level up to the same level as someone who does not have COPD? Why?

A
  1. No
  2. the medulla will think they don’t need to breathe as much because it is used to living at a low level of 02 to begin with
  3. Used to living with CO2 retention
160
Q

Normal O2 for regular person and normal 02 for COPD

A

Normal: 93-94+
COPD: 88-92

161
Q

What class of medication is given for COPD?

A

antiinflammatories

162
Q

What type of antinflammatories are given for COPD

A

Steroids

163
Q

What happens to a pts blood sugar when we give them steroids?

A

Increases blood sugar

164
Q

What would an APRN order for a pt on steroids for COPD?

A

Order finger stick BS

165
Q

Why is high BS bad for COPD?

A

High blood sugar increases risk of infection

166
Q

What should treatment of Asthma focus on?

A

Decrease/Eliminate Cause Factors

167
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening: SpO2

A

Mild/Moderate: >92%
Severe: <92%
Life Threatening: <92%

168
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening: RR/HR

A 
Mild/Moderate: 
<30 (over 5s)
<40 (over 5s)
Severe: 
>30 (over 5s)
>40 (under 5s)
Increased HR 
Life Threatening: -
169
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening:

PEFR

A

Mild/Moderate: -
Severe: 33-50% predicted
Life Threatening:

170
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening:

Chest sounds

A

Mild/Moderate: Wheeze (may only be audible with stethoscope
Severe: Audible wheeze
Life Threatening: Silent chest

171
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening:

Accessory muscle use

A

Mild/Moderate: No/minimal use
Severe: Use of accessory muscles
Life Threatening: poor respiratory effort

172
Q

Asthma: Mild/Moderate vs Severe vs Life Threatening:

feeding/talking

A

Mild/Moderate: feeding and talking well
Severe: too breathless to feed or talk
Life Threatening: Altered consciousness, agitation, confusion, exhaustion, cyanosis

173
Q

What causes respiratory distress in asthma?

A

Swelling and thickening mucous will not allow air through

174
Q

Do people die from asthma exacerbations often?

A

Yes

175
Q

What should pts with asthma have a home?

A

Pulse ox reader

176
Q

What is a BAD sign in an asthma exacerbation? why?

A
  1. No breath sounds or wheezing

2. No air can get through

177
Q

Asthma Grading: Grade meaning

A

Grade 1: Intermittent/Mild
Grade 2: Chronic/persistent, mild
Grade 3: Chronic/persistent, moderate
Grade 4: Chronic/persistent, severe

178
Q

Asthma Grading: Daytime Symptoms

A

Grade 1: 2 times per week or less
Grade 2: more than twice a week, but not daily
Grade 3: daily
Grade 4: continuous

179
Q

Asthma Grading: Nighttime Symptoms

A

Grade 1: once a month or less
Grade 2: 2-4 times per month
Grade 3: more than once per week, but not nightly
Grade 4: frequent

180
Q

Asthma Grading: Peak flow while exhaling

A

Grade 1: 80% or more of child’s predicted best
Grade 2: 80% or more of child’s predicted best
Grade 3: between 60-80% of child’s predicted best
Grade 4: less than 60% of child’s predicted best

181
Q

What should we always teach our asthma pt?

A
  1. Understanding/knowing about their oxygenation
  2. Knowing when they need to see care
  3. BE AWARE OF TRIGGERS
182
Q

What is one way of finding out triggers?

A

skin testing

183
Q

What happens to the bronchial tube in an asthma attack?

A
  1. Tightened smooth muscle
  2. Swelling
  3. Mucus
184
Q

A complication arising from DVT that results in a blood clot blocking the pulmonary branches

A

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

185
Q

When part of your lung receives oxygen without blood flow or blood flow without oxygen

A

AV/Q mismatch

186
Q

When does a VQ mismatch occur? Why?

A
  1. PE

2. Because no perfusion (no blood) = no ventilation

187
Q

Most common cause of PE

A

DVT

188
Q

Where do DVTs most like occur?

A

Legs

189
Q

Where can a thrombus lodge?

A

Anywhere (brain, heart, vessel, lungs)

190
Q

Where does a PE embolus lodge?

A

lungs

191
Q

What happens if a person does not die within the first couple of hours of pulmonary embolism?

A

They have a much greater chance of survival

192
Q

How are PE pts treated?

A
  1. Antithrombotic medications

2. Maybe stay overnight for observation then sent home

193
Q

Term used for fluid in the alveoli

A

Pulmonary Edema

194
Q

What occurs with Pulmonary Edema

A

VQ mismatch

195
Q

Pulmonary Edema Etiology

A
  1. Increased Capillary Permeability
  2. Decreased plasma protein
  3. Lymphatic Obstructions
  4. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  5. Decreased interstitial pressure
  6. HEART FAILURE
196
Q

How does HF cause pulmonary edema?

A

Heart isn’t pumping well and end up retaining fluid and going into pulmonary edema

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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