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Advanced Pathology > CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 2 > Flashcards

CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback systems incorporating pressure sensors that sense the arterial pressure

A

Baroceptors

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2
Q

The most important arterial baroreceptors

A

carotid sinus and in the aortic arch

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3
Q

Mechanism of Baroceptors

A
  1. stretching of the arterial wall (d/t increase pressure) 2. walls expand
  2. increases firing of AP generated by the receptors.
  3. If pressure decreased stretch of walls leads to a decrease in AP firing
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4
Q

Sensors that detect changes in CO2, O2, and pH

A

Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

What types of Chemoreceptors are there?

A

arterial and central

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6
Q

Chemoreceptors that monitor changes in partial pressure of O2 and CO2

A

Arterial

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7
Q

Principal peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid bodies

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8
Q

Carotid bodies detect changes in arterial blood oxygen levels, and the resulting chemoreflex is…

A

regulation of blood pressure.

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9
Q

What happens to chemoreceptors exposed to chronic hypoxia or increased CO2?

A

They can be desensitized

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10
Q

When there is no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.

A

Primary (essential) hypertension

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11
Q

High blood pressure caused by an underlying condition

A

Secondary hypertension

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12
Q

Characteristics of secondary hypertension

A

Tends to appear suddenly and cause higher BP than primary

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13
Q

Characteristics of primary hypertension

A

Tends to develop gradually over many years.

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14
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures

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15
Q

average pressure in a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

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16
Q

Is systolic BP or MAP considered a better indicator of perfusion to vital organs?

A

MAP

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17
Q

How is MAP measured

A

directly by invasive monitoring

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18
Q

Physiological factors that influence your BP

A
  1. Cardiac output

2. Peripheral vascular resistance

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19
Q

Physical factors that influence your BP

A
  1. Blood volume

2. Elastic property of blood vessels

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20
Q

Does a loss of water volume cause BP to increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

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21
Q

How does the body react to decrease in BP (or decrease in osmolarity)?

A

Reacts with different homeostatic mechanisms to try to

increase water volume back to normal levels , restore BP & ensure adequate circulation

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22
Q

The measure of how strongly blood pushes against the walls of arteries,

A

Blood pressure

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23
Q

What is a string indicator for blood pressure

A

blood volume, which is related to water volume

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24
Q

If BP gets too low because of inadequate volume what happens?

A

Vital nutrients won’t get delivered where needed & waste won’t be taken away.

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25
Q

baroreceptors that monitor BP & flow in kidney

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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26
Q

If decreased, JGA produces & releases what hormone

A

Renin

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27
Q

When Renin is released by the JGA what happens?

A
  1. Activates RAAS
  2. vasoconstriction
  3. increased Na+ & water resorption in kidneys
  4. restored water volume
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28
Q

Measure of how many osmotically active solute particles there are in a unit volume of water

A

Osmolarity

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29
Q

What is measured in blood osmolarity to determine osmolarity for a blood cell?

A

Na+

30
Q

If the blood osmolarity is higher than normal, the body’s osmoreceptors think what is happening?

A

That there’s been a loss of volume.

31
Q

How does the body react to the body’s osmoreceptors thinking that there’s been a loss of volume?

A
  1. Releasing Vasopressin [Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)] via hypothalamus to activate a chain of events that leads to increased water resorption by kidneys.
  2. The brain induces feelings of thirst so one will
32
Q

Tumor on adrenal glands (top of kidneys)that can cause renal failure

A

Pheochromocytoma

33
Q

What condition can a. Sleep apnea can lead to?

A

HTN

34
Q

JNC 7/8 emphasizes the importance of what?

A

Low BP

35
Q

JNC: Normal

A

<120 and <80

36
Q

JNC: Prehypertension

A

120-139 OR 80-89

37
Q

JNC: Stage 1

A

140-159 OR 90-99

38
Q

JNC: Stage 2

A

> 160 OR > 100

39
Q

Goal of treating HTN

A

Prevent target organ damage

40
Q

What organs are effects by HTN?

A

Brain
Heart
Kidneys

41
Q

How does HTN effect: Brain

A

Stroke

42
Q

How does HTN effect: Kidneys

A

Renal failure

43
Q

Top two reasons for renal failure

A

Diabetes

HTN

44
Q

Mean Arterial BP calculation

A

CO X SVR (cardiac output)x(systemic vascular resistance)

45
Q

Factors influencing Mean Arterial BP: Physical

A
  1. Volume

2. Elastic Properties

46
Q

Factors influencing Mean Arterial BP: Physiologic

A
  1. CO

2. Vascular resistance

47
Q

Examples of things that cause primary hypertension

A

Lifestyle related: Alcohol, smoking, obesity. poor diet

48
Q

Extremely high blood pressure that develops rapidly and causes some type of organ damage

A

Malignant hypertension

49
Q

Malignant hypertension how high?

A

above 180/120

50
Q

How to remember Systolic vs Diastolic HTN?

A

SC-Systole contraction

DR- Diastole relaxation

51
Q

Are genetics a risk factor for HTN?

A

Yes

52
Q

High blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy

A

gestational hypertension

53
Q

Some women with gestational hypertension can eventually develop…

A

Preeclampsia

54
Q

If not treated properly gestational hypertension can also lead to fetal problems including…

A

intrauterine growth restriction (poor fetal growth) and stillbirth

55
Q

Lesion formation by the promotion of both the early and late mechanisms of atherosclerosis

A

Endothelial dysfunction

56
Q

Family of organic compounds that are mostly insoluble in water, composed of fats and oils, yield high energy

A

lipids

57
Q

Primary functions of lipids

A
  1. Structure of cell membranes
  2. Energy storehouses
  3. Signaling molecules
58
Q

Three main types of lipids

A
  1. triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides)
  2. phospholipids
  3. sterols (cholesterol)
59
Q

Hypercholesterolemia vs HLD

A

Hyperlipidemia means your blood has too many lipids (or fats), such as cholesterol and triglycerides.

hypercholesterolemia is a type of HDL and means there’s too much LDL cholesterol in your blood.

60
Q

Substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream

A

Lipoproteins

61
Q

Types of lipoproteins

A

HDL
LDL
VLDL
Chylomicrons

62
Q

Good cholesterol

A

HDL

63
Q

Bad cholesterol

A

LDL

64
Q

Total cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

A

Low <200
Borderline 200-239
High 240+

65
Q

LDL cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

A

Low <130
Borderline 130-159
High 160+

66
Q

HDL cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

A

Low >60
Borderline 50-59
High <50

67
Q

Triglycerides levels in relation to heart disease risk

A

Low <150
Borderline 150-199
High >200

68
Q

Is HLD genetically linked?

A

Very

69
Q

If HLD is in family what should occur?

A

Children should have lipid checked

70
Q

More of HDL causes what?

A

good, more of these less risk for CAD

71
Q

Why do we need them?:

A
  1. Energy metabolism
  2. Blood coagulation
  3. For myelin sheath in brain and some membranes
72
Q

Which lipoprotein is not monitored much?

A

VLDL

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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