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Advanced Pathology > Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (quiz 3) PART 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (quiz 3) PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

A
  1. Eye
  2. Kidney
  3. Neuropathy
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2
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes

A
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Extremities
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3
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Eye Pathology

A

High BS and BP can damage vessels

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4
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Eye Complications

A

Causes

  1. Retinopathy
  2. Cataracts
  3. Glaucoma
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5
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Kidney Pathology

A
  1. High BP damages vessels

2. High BS overworks kidneys

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6
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Kidney Complications

A

Causes: neuropathy

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7
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Neuropathy Pathology

A

High BS damages nerves in PNS

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8
Q

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Neuropathy Complications

A

Causes

  1. Pain
  2. Numbness
  3. Feet wounds
  4. Infection
  5. Gangrene
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9
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Brain Pathology

A

Increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease

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10
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Brain Complications

A

Causes

  1. Transient ischemic attack
  2. Cognitive impairment
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11
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Heart Pathology

A

High BP and insulin resistance increase risk of CAD

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12
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Heart Complications

A

CAD

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13
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Extremities Pathology

A

Narrowing blood vessels decrease perfusion in legs

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14
Q

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Extremities Complications

A

Causes:

  1. PVD
  2. slow healing foot wounds
  3. gangrene
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15
Q

Prevalence of DMT1 out of all types of DM

A

5-10%

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16
Q

Prevalence of DMT2 out of all types of DM

A

90-95%

17
Q

What is the “impaired glucose tolerance” stage called?

A

“Pre-diabetic stage”

18
Q

How common is gestational diabetes compared to total number of pregnancies?

A

2-5%

19
Q

Other specific types of DM

A
  1. Genetic syndromes
  2. Endocrinopathies
  3. Disease of the pancreas
  4. Drug or chemical induced
  5. Infections
20
Q

Prevalence of other causes of DM all types of DM?

A

1-2%

21
Q

Other specific types of DM: Genetic syndrome: Examples

A

Syndromes affecting

  1. Secretion
  2. Action
22
Q

Other specific types of DM: Endocrinopathies

A 
1. Acromegaly
2, Cushing's 
3. Glucagonoma
4. Pheochromocyt0ma
5. Thyrotoxicosis
23
Q

Other specific types of DM: Disease of the pancreas

A
  1. Chronic pancreatitis

2. Cancer

24
Q

Other specific types of DM: Drug or chemical induced

A
  1. Corticosteroids
  2. Beta-Blockers
  3. Thiazide diuretics
25
Q

Other specific types of DM: Infections

A

Viral

26
Q

Low blood sugar

A

Hypoglycemia

27
Q

How fast is the onset of Hypoglycemia

A
  1. rapid

2. 1-3 hours

28
Q

Causes of Hypoglycemia

A
  1. Insufficient food
  2. Excess exercise
  3. Excess insulin
29
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Sweaty
  3. Hungry
  4. Confused
  5. Blurred/Double vision
  6. Shaky
  7. Irritable
  8. Cool, clammy skin
30
Q
  1. Anxiety
  2. Sweaty
  3. Hungry
  4. Confused
  5. Blurred/Double vision
  6. Shaky
  7. Irritable
  8. Cool, clammy skin
A

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

31
Q

What is the primary fuel for the body?

A

Glucose

32
Q

What has a higher demand for glucose- the body or the brain?

A

Brain

33
Q

Why does cerebral glucose utilization exceed glucose used by body?

A

Increased proportion of brain size compared with body weight

34
Q

Can the brain store glycogen?

A

No

35
Q

What organs can store glycogen?

A
  1. Liver

2. Skeletal/Cardiac

36
Q

Since the brain cannot store glycogen what does it need?

A

A steady supply

37
Q

What is a complication of hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Irreversible neuronal injury

2. Increase venerability to ischemia

38
Q

What population has increased glucose requirements?

A

Sick infants

39
Q

Why does the brain not store glycogen?

A
  1. O2 and glucose is needed

2. Blood brain barrier

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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