Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (quiz 3) PART 2 Flashcards
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
- Eye
- Kidney
- Neuropathy
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
- Brain
- Heart
- Extremities
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Eye Pathology
High BS and BP can damage vessels
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Eye Complications
Causes
- Retinopathy
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Kidney Pathology
- High BP damages vessels
2. High BS overworks kidneys
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Kidney Complications
Causes: neuropathy
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Neuropathy Pathology
High BS damages nerves in PNS
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes: Neuropathy Complications
Causes
- Pain
- Numbness
- Feet wounds
- Infection
- Gangrene
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Brain Pathology
Increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Brain Complications
Causes
- Transient ischemic attack
- Cognitive impairment
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Heart Pathology
High BP and insulin resistance increase risk of CAD
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Heart Complications
CAD
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Extremities Pathology
Narrowing blood vessels decrease perfusion in legs
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Extremities Complications
Causes:
- PVD
- slow healing foot wounds
- gangrene
Prevalence of DMT1 out of all types of DM
5-10%
Prevalence of DMT2 out of all types of DM
90-95%
What is the “impaired glucose tolerance” stage called?
“Pre-diabetic stage”
How common is gestational diabetes compared to total number of pregnancies?
2-5%
Other specific types of DM
- Genetic syndromes
- Endocrinopathies
- Disease of the pancreas
- Drug or chemical induced
- Infections
Prevalence of other causes of DM all types of DM?
1-2%
Other specific types of DM: Genetic syndrome: Examples
Syndromes affecting
- Secretion
- Action
Other specific types of DM: Endocrinopathies
1. Acromegaly 2, Cushing's 3. Glucagonoma 4. Pheochromocyt0ma 5. Thyrotoxicosis
Other specific types of DM: Disease of the pancreas
- Chronic pancreatitis
2. Cancer
Other specific types of DM: Drug or chemical induced
- Corticosteroids
- Beta-Blockers
- Thiazide diuretics
Other specific types of DM: Infections
Viral
Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia
How fast is the onset of Hypoglycemia
- rapid
2. 1-3 hours
Causes of Hypoglycemia
- Insufficient food
- Excess exercise
- Excess insulin
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
- Anxiety
- Sweaty
- Hungry
- Confused
- Blurred/Double vision
- Shaky
- Irritable
- Cool, clammy skin
- Anxiety
- Sweaty
- Hungry
- Confused
- Blurred/Double vision
- Shaky
- Irritable
- Cool, clammy skin
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
What is the primary fuel for the body?
Glucose
What has a higher demand for glucose- the body or the brain?
Brain
Why does cerebral glucose utilization exceed glucose used by body?
Increased proportion of brain size compared with body weight
Can the brain store glycogen?
No
What organs can store glycogen?
- Liver
2. Skeletal/Cardiac
Since the brain cannot store glycogen what does it need?
A steady supply
What is a complication of hypoglycemia?
- Irreversible neuronal injury
2. Increase venerability to ischemia
What population has increased glucose requirements?
Sick infants
Why does the brain not store glycogen?
- O2 and glucose is needed
2. Blood brain barrier