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Advanced Pathology > CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 1 > Flashcards

CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Layer outside the heart, protective layer

A

protective layer

Pericardium

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2
Q

Middle muscle layer of heart

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

Inner protective layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

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4
Q

The first arteries in the heart that receive oxygen

A

Coronary arteries

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5
Q

Why are the Coronary arteries the first arteries in the heart that receive oxygen?

A

heart needs adequate oxygen so it can pump blood to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

Main functions of the Circulatory System

A

Transport and Temperature regulation

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7
Q

What does the circulatory system transport?

A
  1. 02 2. Nutrients 3. Hormones 4. Immune Substances 5. Electrolytes 6. Waste
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8
Q

Waste from the circulatory system is filtered by what organs?

A

a. Kidneys b. Excretory Organs

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9
Q

How many chambers in the heart?

A

four

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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart called?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

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11
Q

How many valves does the heart have

A

four

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12
Q

What is the function of heart valves

A

keep blood moving in the correct direction

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13
Q

How do heart valves keep blood moving in the correct direction?

A

Open only one way and only when needed

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14
Q

What are the valves of the heart called?

A

Tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves.

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15
Q

What do valves have tha topen and close once during each heartbeat?

A

flaps, called leaflets or cusps

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16
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 1

A

02 poor blood returns from body to heart

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17
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 2- after 02 poor blood returns from body to heart

A

Heart: Step 2- after 02 poor blood returns from body to heart

blood fills R atrium

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18
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 3- after blood fills R atrium

A

blood flow to R ventricle

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19
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 4- after blood flow to R ventricle

A

blood pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

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20
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 5- after blood pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

A

ungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen

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21
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 6- after lungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen

A

blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium

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22
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 7- after blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium

A

blood flows from left atrium to the left ventricle

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23
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 8- after blood flows from left atrium to the left ventricle

A

Blood is pumped through the main artery (aorta)

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24
Q

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 9- after Blood is pumped through the main artery (aorta)

A

supply tissues throughout your body with oxygen

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25
Q

Order of valves

A

(Superior vena cava) tricuspid, pulmonary (pulmonary vein) mitral, aortic (aorta)

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26
Q

Contraction of heart

A

systole

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27
Q

Relaxation of heart

A

diastole

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28
Q

Electrical impulses begin in… and travel to….

A

right atrium, in the sinus node through pathways to ventricles

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29
Q

What do the electrical impulses of the conduction system do?

A

deliver signal for the heart to pump

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30
Q

Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction, related to ventricular filling. The amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole (EDV).

A

Preload

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31
Q

Imagine balloon- once it is blown up, what does this represent?

A

Preload

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32
Q

In what condition would we want to increase preload?

A

hypovolemic shock

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33
Q

Why do you want to increase preload in hypovolemic shock?

A

There is not enough fluid in the body and therefore not enough pressure for preload

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34
Q

How can you increase preload?

A

give fluids via IV or give meds to stimulate sns

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35
Q

How do IV fluid help to increase preload?

A

increase blood volume> increase preload

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36
Q

What meds help increase preload?

A

vasopressors

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37
Q

How do vasopressors to help to increase preload?

A

cause vasoconstriction- increase venous return to heart

38
Q

Why would you need to decreased fluid preload?

A

fluid overload

39
Q

What condition often causes fluid overload?

A

HF

40
Q

What can you do to decrease preload?

A

give diuretics or nitro

41
Q

How do vasodilators cause a decrease in preload?

A

pulls fluid out of blood volume via renal system

42
Q

How does nitro cause a decrease in preload?

A

widening of vessels decreased venous return to heart

43
Q

Is the force or load against which the heart must contract to eject blood
OR the pressure the ventricles must work against in order to get semilunar valves open so blood can leave ventricle and can go to either lungs or the body.

A

Afterload

44
Q

Things that increase afterload

A

Vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, valve stenosis

45
Q

How does vasoconstriction increase afterload?

A

increases pressure to overcome

46
Q

How does pulmonary hypertension increase afterload?

A

increases pulmonary vascular resistance- increase work load on right ventricle

47
Q

How does valve stenosis increase afterload?

A

valve narrowing- working very hard to get blood throughout the body.

48
Q

Things that decreased afterload

A

vasodilators

49
Q

How do vasodilators decreased afterload

A

decrease resistance

50
Q

Strength of cardiac cells to contract/shorten

A

Cardiac contractility

51
Q

Amount of blood pumped by (each) ventricle with each beat

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

52
Q

What effects SV

A

cardiac contractility, preload and afterload

53
Q

What is normal SV?

A

70ml/ventricle

54
Q

The amount of blood the heart pumps throughout the body per min

A

Cardiac Output

55
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

HRxSV=CO

56
Q

What is the normal amount of cardial output?

A

approx. 5 L/ventricle/min

1 beat= 70ml, 72 bpm

57
Q

The max amount of blood that can be pumped out by the heart above the normal volume

A

Cardiac Reserve

58
Q

When is cardiac reseve used?

A

exercise, stress, ect

59
Q

Cardiac output for increased age

A

300 % extra work 15L/min

60
Q

Cardiac output for young adult

A

500% extra work -25 L/min

61
Q

Cardiac output for athletes

A

600-700% extra work -30-35 L/min

62
Q

Same as the stroke volume just as a percentage

A

Ejection Fraction

63
Q

What is normal Ejection Fraction?

A

<55%

64
Q

How to calculate Ejection Fraction?

A

cross multiply

70  =   x
130     100(%)

answer 53.84%

65
Q

Valve that is narrowed and doesn’t open properly

A

Heart Valve Stenosis

66
Q

What happens to the valves in Heart Valve Stenosis?

A

thicken, stiffen or fuse together

67
Q

How does Heart Valve Stenosis effect the heart?

A

Heart has to work harder to pump blood through the valve- reduced 02 to body

68
Q

backflow of blood caused by failure of the heart’s mitral valve to close tightly

A

Heart Valve regurgitation

69
Q

What are other names for Heart valve regugitation?

A

Heart Valve Insufficiency or incompetence

70
Q

What is the difference between valve stenosis and valve regurgitation?

A

Stenosis-Ridged, stuck, cant open

Regurgitation- Leaky, floppy allow blood backwards, doesn’t close all the way

71
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction

72
Q

Problems with the mitral valve?

A

stenosis, regurgitation or prolapse

73
Q

Problems with the aortic valve?

A

stenosis, age related

74
Q

Blood is prevented from flowing backward in the veins by…

A

one-way valves

75
Q

Blood flow through the capillary beds is controlled by……

A

precapillary sphincters

76
Q

How do precapillary sphincters work?

A

Increase and decrease flow depending on the body’s needs

77
Q

What activates precapillary sphincters?

A

Nerve and hormone signals.

78
Q

Circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels

A

Microcirculation

79
Q

Where is Microcirculation found

A

within organ tissues

80
Q

What are the different types of microvessels?

A

1.terminal arterioles, 2.metarterioles, 3.capillaries, and 4.venules

81
Q

Carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

82
Q

Blood flows out of the capillaries through what?

A

venules

83
Q

Where does blood go once it leave through venules?

A

veins

84
Q

other than blood microcirculation also includes?

A

lymphatic capillaries and collecting ducts

85
Q

Main functions of the microcirculation

A

Delivery of O2, nutrients and removal of CO2

Regulate blood flow and tissue perfusion

86
Q

What does microcirculation effect by regulating blood flow and tissue perfusion?

A

BP and edema (imflammation)

87
Q

Lymphatic System returns what?

A

Venous blood

88
Q

How many people in the US have some form of heart disease?

A

1 out of 2

89
Q

Venous or arterial? pulses

A

arterial

90
Q

Venous or arterial? deoxygenated

A

venous

91
Q

Venous or arterial? 1. Gets back through lymph systems of peripheral vascular system

A

venous

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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