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Advanced Pathology > Genital and Urinary System Disorders (FEMALE)- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 > Flashcards

Genital and Urinary System Disorders (FEMALE)- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: phases

A
  • mensuration phase
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation phase
  • luteal phase
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2
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Hormones

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
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3
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during menstruation phase

A
  • LH: stable/normal
  • FSH: stable/normal
  • Estrogen: stable/normal
  • Progesterone: stable/normal
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4
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during follicular phase

A
  • LH: spiked increase
  • FSH: spiked increase
  • Estrogen: spiked increase
  • Progesterone: stable/normal
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5
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during ovulation phase

A
  • LH: decreases back to stable/normal
  • FSH: decreases back to stable/normal
  • Estrogen: begins to decrease
  • Progesterone: stable/normal
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6
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during luteal phase

A
  • LH: stable/normal
  • FSH: stable/normal
  • Estrogen: dips low early in phase then elevates back to high level late in phase then lowers back to stable/normal by the end of phase
  • Progesterone: Slowly increases reaches peak then decrease back to normal consistently over course of phase
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7
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Uterus changes in each phase

A
  • mensuration phase: Shedding lining
  • follicular phase: growth of a thin to medium lining
  • ovulation phase: -
  • luteal phase: Thickening of lining
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8
Q

Normal menstrual cycle: Ovary changes in each phase

A
  • mensuration phase: developing follicle
  • follicular phase: mature follicle
  • ovulation phase: release of egg
  • luteal phase: early corpus luteum changes to regressing corpus luteum which changes to corpus albicans
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9
Q
  • Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  • Menorrhagia
  • Metrorrhagia
  • Hypomenorrhea
  • Amenorrhea
  • PMS
A

Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities

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10
Q

Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities

A
  • Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  • Menorrhagia
  • Metrorrhagia
  • Hypomenorrhea
  • Amenorrhea
  • PMS
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11
Q

Abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of an organic uterine lesion

A

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

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12
Q

Most common cause of Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

anovulation

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13
Q

Failure to ovulate

A

anovulation

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14
Q

Profuse or prolonged uterine bleeding

A

Menorrhagia

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15
Q

irregular uterine bleeding between periods

A

Metrorrhagia

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16
Q

A short or scanty menstruation

A

Hypomenorrhea

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17
Q

Absence of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

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18
Q

Syndrome typically occurring in a predictable pattern before the onset of menstruation

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

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19
Q

A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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20
Q

Symptoms of PCOS

A
  • infrequent, irregular or prolonged periods

- excess androgen levels

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21
Q

What is androgen?

A

male hormone

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22
Q

Result of PCOS

A
  • ovaries develop small collections of fluid (called follicles)
  • fail to regularly release eggs
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23
Q

A disorder in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grow on other pelvic organs.

A

Endometriosis

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24
Q

What other pelvic organs does uterine tissue grow on in Endometriosis?

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tubes
  • pelvis lining
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25
Q

What can Endometriosis cause to happen?

A

Outside the uterus the abnormal endometrial tissue

  • thickens
  • bleeds
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26
Q

Normal female reproductive system anatomy- be able to identify and locate

A
  • ovary
  • fallopian tube
  • uterus
  • endometrium
  • vulva
  • vagina
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
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27
Q

Non Neoplastic Epithelial Disorders

A
  • Lichen Sclerosus

- Lichen Simplex Chronicus

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28
Q

Uncommon condition that creates patchy, white skin that appears thinner than normal. Usually on the genital/anal areas.

A

Lichen Sclerosus

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29
Q

Smooth, white plaques in Lichen Sclerosus are called what?

A

leukoplakia

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30
Q

What occurs to the epithelium in Lichen Sclerosus ?

A
  • superficial dermis: fibrosed

- deeper dermis: chronic inflammatory cells

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31
Q

Etiology of Lichen Sclerosus

A

Hypothesized to be autoimmune

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32
Q

Why is Lichen Sclerosus Hypothesized to be autoimmune?

A
  • Activated T cells found in the subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate
  • Increased frequency of autoimmune disorders in affected women
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33
Q

Localized, well-circumscribed area of thickened, skin.

A

Lichen Simplex Chronicus

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34
Q

Symptoms if Lichen Simplex Chronicus

A
  • hyperkeratosis
  • leukoplakia
  • chronic irritation
  • puritis
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35
Q

Thickening of the outer layer of the skin which contains a tough, protective protein called keratin in order to protect against irritation.

A

hyperkeratosis

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36
Q

What causes Lichen Simplex Chronicus?

A

An underlying inflammatory dermatosis

37
Q

Important take away when considering a Lichen Sclerosus or Lichen Simplex Chronicus diagnosis.

A
  • Leukoplakia can be seen in a variety of other benign conditions (Ex: psoriasis)
  • Leukoplakia can also be seen in malignant lesions of the vulva (squamous cell carcinoma or invasive squamous cell carcinoma)
  • Therefore, BIOPSY/micro exam are important to differentiate
38
Q

What is seen on a micro exam of cells from a pt with and Lichen Simplex Chronicus?

A
  • epidermal and epithelial hyperplasia
  • hyperkeratosis
  • fibrotic vertical streaks of collagen b/w hyperplastic rete
39
Q

Inflammation of the vulva

A

Vulvitis

40
Q

Inflammation of the vagina

A

Vaginitis

41
Q

Most common causes of Vulvitis/Vaginitis.

A

Reactive inflammation in response to a stimulus

42
Q

What are examples of stimuli that could cause Vulvitis/Vaginitis?

A
  • irritant
  • allergen
  • infection
43
Q

What are some infections that cause Vulvitis/Vaginitis?

A
  • HPV
  • HSV
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia
  • Candida
  • BV
44
Q

Complication of vulvitis

A
  • Obstruction of Bartholin glands

- Can cause Bartholin cyst and abscess formation

45
Q

Two excretory, pea sized, compound, alveolar glands found slightly posterior and bilateral to the vaginal opening.

A

Bartholin glands

46
Q

What do Bartholin glands excrete?

A

Mucus to lubricate the vagina

47
Q

Bartholin’s glands are homologous to male anatomy?

A

bulbourethral glands

48
Q

Main symptom of HPV

A

Warts

49
Q

Main symptom of HSV

A

Cold sore

50
Q

Rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018

A

118 per 100,000

51
Q

Rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018

A

444 per 100,000

52
Q

State with highest rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018. How many?

A
  • DC

- 611 per 100,000

53
Q

State with lowest rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018. How many?

A
  • Puerto Rico

- 17 per 100,000

54
Q

State with highest rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018. How many?

A
  • DC

- 1,299 per 100,000

55
Q

State with lowest rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018. How many?

A
  • American Samoa

- 107 per 100,000

56
Q

Types of Vaginal Infections

A
  • Vaginal Yeast Infection (candida)

- Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

57
Q

Vaginal Infections are typically related to what?

A

An imbalance normal vaginal flora

58
Q

Vaginal Infections are typically NOT related to what?

A

STIs

59
Q

Best way to determine etiology of Vaginal Infections

A
  • pelvic exam

- wet mount slide-view micro

60
Q

Candida vs BV: Micro findings

A
  • Candida: fungal spores/budding yeast

- BV: blue cells

61
Q

Candida vs BV: etiology

A
  • Candida: candida/yeast overgrowth

- BV: bacteria overgrowth

62
Q

Candida risk factors

A
  • Antibiotic use
  • Increased estrogen levels
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Impaired immune system
63
Q

BV risk factors

A
  • Having multiple sex partners
  • Having a new sex partner
  • Douching
  • Natural lack of lactobacilli bacteria
64
Q

Candida vs BV: itch and irritation

A
  • Candida: Yes

- BV: No

65
Q

Candida vs BV: odor

A
  • Candida: Unpleasant, fish-like

- BV: no

66
Q

Candida vs BV: discharge consistency

A
  • Candida: thin/watery

- BV: thick like cottage cheese

67
Q

Candida vs BV: discharge color

A
  • Candida: white/grey

- BV: white

68
Q

Candida vs BV: soreness

A
  • Candida: Yes

- BV: No

69
Q

Bacterial infection of the female reproductive organs effecting the Pelvis

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID

70
Q

What causes PID?

A
  • Untreated bacterial infections

- Spread past the cervix to the pelvic organs/abdominal cavity

71
Q

What bacteria left untreated is known to cause PID?

A
  • chlamydia

- gonorrhea

72
Q
  • Acute abdominal/pelvic pain
  • N&V
  • Sometimes fever
  • Purulent cervical discharge
  • Cervical motion tenderness
A

Symptoms of PID

73
Q

Symptoms of PID

A
  • Acute abdominal/pelvic pain
  • N&V
  • Sometimes fever
  • Purulent cervical discharge
  • Cervical motion tenderness
74
Q

Complication of untreated PID

A
  • Permanent scarring of reproductive organs

- Can cause infertility

75
Q

Is PID curable?

A

Yes if treated

76
Q

A herniation of the bladder into the vagina

A

Cystocele

77
Q

Cystocele is also known as?

A

Bladder:

  • prolapse
  • herniation
  • dropped/fallen
78
Q

Cause of Cystocele

A
  • ligaments/muscles holding bladder up stretch/weaken

- causes bladder to sag into the vagina

79
Q

Causes of weakening/stretching in Cystocele

A
  • childbirth
  • constipation
  • violent coughing
  • heavy lifting
80
Q

Symptoms of Cystocele

A
  • pressure in pelvis/vagina
  • discomfort when straining
  • feeling that bladder isn’t fully empty after urinating
81
Q

Weakness of the rectovaginal septum causing herniation

A

Rectocele

82
Q

Tissue between the rectum and the vagina

A

Rectovaginal septum

83
Q

Cause of Rectocele

A
  • process put pressure on wall

- cause wall to become thin/weak over time

84
Q

Cause of weakening/stretching in Rectocele

A
  • childbirth

- other pressures

85
Q

Symptoms of Rectocele

A
  • often no symptoms
  • soft bulge in the vagina (may or may not protrude through the vaginal opening)
  • difficult BMs
86
Q

Descending of the small intestine into the lower pelvic cavity.

A

Enterocele

87
Q

Symptoms of Enterocele

A

bulge at top of vagina

88
Q

Complications of Enterocele

A

Pelvic organ prolapse

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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