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Advanced Pathology > Nervous System: Part 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • ANS

- SNS

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4
Q

What does ANS stand for?

A

Autonomic NS

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5
Q

What does SNS stand for?

A

Somatic NS

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6
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Communicates with internal organs and glands

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7
Q

What does the SNS do?

A

Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

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8
Q

What makes up the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS

2 Parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do?

A

Arouse

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10
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

Calm

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11
Q

What makes up the Somatic NS?

A
  1. Sensory NS

2. Motor NS

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12
Q

What does the Sensory NS do?

A
  • afferent

- sensory input

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13
Q

What does the Motor NS do?

A
  • efferent

- motor output

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14
Q

What controls the PNS?

A

The CNS

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15
Q

What are the 8 major neurotransmitters?

A 
Acetylcholine 
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline 
Dopamine
Endorphins
GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
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16
Q

What is the major function: Adrenaline

A

Fight or Flight

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17
Q

What is the major function: GABA

A

Calming

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18
Q

What is the major function: Noradrenaline

A

Concentration

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19
Q

What is the major function: Acetylcholine

A

Learning

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20
Q

What is the major function: Dopamine

A

Pleasure

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21
Q

What is the major function: Glutamate

A

Learning

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22
Q

What is the major function: Serotonin

A

mood regulation

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23
Q

What is the major function: Endorphins

A

Euphoria

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24
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Produced in stressful situations

A

Adrenaline

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25
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Increases HR and blood flow

A

Adrenaline

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26
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Results in physical boost and awareness

A

Adrenaline

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27
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Calms firing nerves in the CNS

A

GABA

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28
Q

Which neurotransmitter: High levels improves focus

A

GABA

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29
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Low levels cause anxiety

A

GABA

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30
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Contributes to motor control and vision

A

GABA

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31
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Affects attention

A

Noradrenaline

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32
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Affects responding actions in the brain

A

Noradrenaline

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33
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Contracts blood vessels

A

Noradrenaline

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34
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Increases blood flow

A

Noradrenaline

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35
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Involved in thought, learning and memory

A

Acetylcholine

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Activates muscle action in body

A

Acetylcholine

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37
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Associated with attention and wakening

A

Acetylcholine

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38
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of pleasure

A

Dopamine

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39
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of addiction

A

Dopamine

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40
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of movement

A

Dopamine

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41
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of motivation

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

Which neurotransmitter: People repeat behaviors that lead to the release of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

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43
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Most common neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

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44
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Involved in learning and memory

A

Glutamate

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45
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Regulates development and creation of nerve contacts

A

Glutamate

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46
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Contributes to well being and happiness

A

Serotonin

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47
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Helps sleep cycle

A

Serotonin

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48
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Helps digestive regulation

A

Serotonin

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49
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Affected by exercise

A

Serotonin

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50
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Affected by sun exposure

A

Serotonin

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51
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Released during exercise

A

Endorphins

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52
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Released during sex

A

Endorphins

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53
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Released during excitement

A

Endorphins

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54
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Produces well being and euphoria

A

Endorphins

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55
Q

Which neurotransmitter: Reduces pain

A

Endorphins

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56
Q

Function of the CNS

A
  • Integration

- Control center

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57
Q

What makes up the PNS

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

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58
Q

Function of the PNS

A

Communication line between the CNS and the rest of the body

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59
Q

What type of nerve fibers make up the Sensory NS?

A

Somatic and visceral nerve fibers

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60
Q

What type of nerve fibers make up the Motor NS?

A

Motor nerve fibers

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61
Q

What is the function of the Sensory NS?

A

Conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS

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62
Q

What is the function of the Motor NS?

A

Conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

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63
Q

What are the effectors that the motor NS conducts impulses from?

A
  • muscles

- glands

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64
Q

What type of motor impulses does the ANS produce?

A
  • visceral

- involuntary

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65
Q

What type of motor impulses does the SNS produce?

A
  • somatic

- voluntary

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66
Q

Function of the ANS

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

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67
Q

Function of the SNS

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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68
Q

What are the brain lobes?

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Occipital Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Parietal Lobe
69
Q

Which brain lobe?: Abstract versus concrete reasoning

A

Frontal Lobe

70
Q

Which brain lobe: Motivation/volition

A

Frontal Lobe

71
Q

Which brain lobe: Concentration

A

Frontal Lobe

72
Q

Which brain lobe: Decision making

A

Frontal Lobe

73
Q

Which brain lobe: Purposeful behavior

A

Frontal Lobe

74
Q

Which brain lobe: Memory, sequencing

A

Frontal Lobe

75
Q

Which brain lobe: , making meaning of language

A

Frontal Lobe

76
Q

Which brain lobe: Speech organization & production

A

Frontal Lobe

77
Q

Which brain lobe: Aspects of emotional response

A

Frontal Lobe

78
Q

Which brain lobe: Vision

A

Occipital Lobe

79
Q

Which brain lobe: Possible information holding area

A

Occipital Lobe

80
Q

Which brain lobe: Sensory integration

A

Parietal Lobe

81
Q

Which brain lobe: spatial relations

A

Parietal Lobe

82
Q

Which brain lobe: Bodily awareness

A

Parietal Lobe

83
Q

Which brain lobe: Filtration of background stimuli

A

Parietal Lobe

84
Q

Which brain lobe: Personality factors and symptom denial

A

Parietal Lobe

85
Q

Which brain lobe: Memory and nonverbal memory

A

Parietal Lobe

86
Q

Which brain lobe: Concept formation

A

Parietal Lobe

87
Q

Which brain lobe:

A

Parietal Lobe

88
Q

Which brain lobe:

A

Parietal Lobe

89
Q

Which brain lobe:

A

Parietal Lobe

90
Q

Which brain lobe: Visual–spatial recognition

A

Temporal Lobe

91
Q

Which brain lobe: Attention

A

Temporal Lobe

92
Q

Which brain lobe: Motivation

A

Temporal Lobe

93
Q

Which brain lobe: Emotional modulation and interpretation

A

Temporal Lobe

94
Q

Which brain lobe: Impulse and aggression control

A

Temporal Lobe

95
Q

Which brain lobe: Interpretation and meaning of social contact

A

Temporal Lobe

96
Q

Which brain lobe: Aspects of sexual action and meaning

A

Temporal Lobe

97
Q

Which brain lobe:

A

Temporal Lobe

98
Q

Which brain lobe:

A

Temporal Lobe

99
Q

How are TBIs categorized?

A
  1. Primary (Direct) Injury

2. Secondary Injury

100
Q

How is a primary TBI caused?

A

by an impact

101
Q

How is a secondary TBI caused?

A

Results from the subsequent:

  • brain swelling
  • infection
  • cerebral hypoxia
102
Q

How do primary TBIs present:?

A
  • diffuse axonal injury
  • focal lesions of laceration
  • contusion
  • hemorrhage
103
Q

How do secondary TBIs present?

A

-diffuse or multifocal
-concussion
-infection
hypoxic brain injury

104
Q

How is the brain positioned in the skull

A

floats freely in CSF

105
Q

Coup–Contrecoup Injury

A
  • blunt force to head
  • accelerates brain within skull/CSF
  • brain decelerates abruptly on hitting inner skull surfaces
106
Q

Coup

A

Direct contusion of brain at the site of external force

107
Q

Contrecoup

A

Rebound injury on opposite side of brain

108
Q

What is the cerebellar region of the brain responsible for?

A

balance

109
Q

What does trauma in a TBI result in?

A

inflammation

110
Q

What is a common pathway for brain injury?

A

Increased ICP

111
Q

What can be the result of ICP?

A
  • obstruct cerebral blood flow
  • destroy brain cells
  • displace brain tissue
  • damage to delicate brain structures
112
Q

What is the cranial cavity made up of?

A
  • Blood
  • Brain tissue
  • CSF
113
Q

What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of blood?

A

10%

114
Q

What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of brain tissue?

A

80%

115
Q

What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of CSF?

A

10%

116
Q

What is normal ICP?

A

0-15 mmHg

117
Q

What is the Monro-Kellie doctrine?

A

hypothesis of normalization of ICP

118
Q

What does the Monro-Kellie doctrine hypothesize?

A

An increase in the volume of any one of the 3 components (brain, blood, CSF) must be at the expense of the other two beyond autoregulation.

119
Q

Which of the 3 brain components is least compressible?

A

brain

120
Q

Which of the 3 brain components is autoregulated?

A

blood flow

121
Q

What is CPP

A

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

122
Q

What is normal range for CPP?

A

When CPP is out of range of 60-160 mmHg

123
Q

When does autoregulation kick in?

A

When CPP is out of normal range

124
Q

What occurs if CPP is decreased?

A

Decreased Cerebral blood flow

125
Q

At what pressure does cerebral blood flow decrease?

A

< 60 mmHg

126
Q

As a clinician what is important to assess when considering ICP

A

BP

127
Q

Why is BP important to assess when considering ICP?

A

Need high enough BP to perfuse brain (but not too high)

128
Q

Other than trauma, what else can cause ICP?

A

Tumors

129
Q

Teachers pearl about ICP

A
  • Teacher worked in neuro trauma
  • open up skull (flap open up)
  • allowed swelling to give room in the roof of your head
  • allows the brain tissue to swell
  • also were giving steroids (and other things) to bring swelling down
130
Q

What is abnormal posturing?

A

an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms

131
Q

What does abnormal posturing indicate?

A

severe brain injury

132
Q

What are the two types of abnormal posturing?

A
  1. Decorticate

2. Decerebrate

133
Q

What does Decorticate posturing look like?

A

flexing to the core

134
Q

What does Decerebrate posturing look like?

A

extension from the core

135
Q

Does abnormal posturing occur on one or both sides of the body?

A

Can be unilateral or bilateral

136
Q

is Decorticate posturing serious

A

Yes, but not as serious as Decerebrate

137
Q

What is Decorticate posturing a sign of?

A

Damage to the nerve pathway between the brain and spinal cord

138
Q

Concussion

A
  • immediate and transient loss of consciousness
  • accompanied by a brief period of amnesia
  • after a blow to the head
139
Q

How long does it take to recover from a concussion?

A

24 hours

140
Q

Characteristics of concussion symptoms

A

-can be:

  • vague
  • subjective
  • mild
141
Q

How long can symptoms of concussion last?

A

can persist for monthns

142
Q
  • Headache
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
  • Poor concentration
  • Memory
  • dizziness
  • confusion
  • nausea
  • difficulty hearing and seeing
A

Symptoms of concussion

143
Q

Symptoms of concussion

A
  • Headache
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
  • Poor concentration
  • Memory
  • dizziness
  • confusion
  • nausea
  • difficulty hearing and seeing
144
Q

Patho of concussion

A

-brain collides with skull

145
Q

What can concussion result in?

A
  • bruising
  • torn tissues
  • swelling
146
Q

Second Impact Syndrome

A

When a person who is not fully recovered from a concussion suffers a second blow to the head

147
Q

What can be the result of Second Impact Syndrome?

A

Death

148
Q

Patho of Second Impact Syndrome

A
  • massive swelling of brain

- cuts off blood flow to brain

149
Q

When are concussion symptoms presented

A
  • not always right away

- sometimes delayed

150
Q

What are the types of brain hematomas?

A
  1. Epidural Hematoma
  2. Subdural Hematoma
  3. Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas
151
Q

What type of bleed causes a Epidural Hematoma?

A

Arterial

152
Q

What is usually the cause of a Epidural Hematoma

A

head injury in which skull is fractured

153
Q

Where does an Epidural Hematoma develop?

A

between inner table of bones of skull & dura

154
Q

What type of bleed causes a Subdural Hematoma ?

A

Venous

155
Q

What is usually the cause of a Subdural Hematoma?

A
  • tear in small bridging veins that connect veins

- surface of cortex to Dural sinuses

156
Q

Where does an Subdural Hematoma develop?

A

in area between dura & arachnoid

157
Q

What is the arachnoid

A

subdural space

158
Q

How are Subdural Hematomas categorized?

A
  1. Acute SDH
  2. Subacute SDH
  3. Chronic SDH
159
Q

Characteristic of Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas

A

Can be single or multiple

160
Q

Where does an Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas

develop?

A
  • in any lobe of brain

- most common in frontal or temporal lobes

161
Q

Is a venous or arterial bleed worse?

A

Arterial is much worse

162
Q

Why is an arterial bleed worse than a venous bleed?

A
  • quick

- higher pressure

163
Q

In which type of hematoma will we see changes in the GCS quicker?

A

Epidural Hematoma

164
Q

What does GCS assess?

A

LOC

165
Q

As a clinician how does GSC effect our work

A

Effects how we will asses our pt

166
Q

Teacher pearl regarding brain hematomas

A
  • Only so much space in skull

- If you have an epidural bleed it is going to bleed very quickly and take up a lot of space in the brain

167
Q

Why can Subdural Hematomas be more dangerous than Epidural Hematomas?

A
  • Take longer to show symptoms (venous)

- Pt can be forgotten

168
Q

Example 1:

  • Pt is in an accident
  • Has slight headache for awhile
  • Headache slowly increases
  • Pt decides to go lie down

What could the pt have?
What can happen to the pt?

A
  1. Subdural Hematoma

2. Die

169
Q

As a clinician, if you have a pt who is walking and talking after a traumatic head injury what should you do?

A

good close monitoring is important

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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