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Advanced Pathology > Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What bodily mechanisms does the endocrine regulate?

A
  1. Growth & Reproduction
  2. Water balance & Metabolism
  3. Calcium and BS levels
  4. Response to stress
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2
Q
  1. Growth
  2. Water balance
  3. Reproduction
  4. Metabolism
  5. Calcium and BS levels
  6. Response to stress
A

What bodily mechanisms does the endocrine regulate?

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3
Q

What organs are included in the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Ovaries & Testes
  3. Thyroid & Parathyroids
  4. Pancreas & Adrenals
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4
Q

This course is only focusing on what organs?

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Pancreas
  3. Adrenals
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5
Q

The endocrine system regulates (metabolism) by means of _______.

A

Thyroid

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6
Q

The endocrine system regulates (calcium and BS levels) by means of _______.

A

Thyroid and pancreas

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7
Q

The endocrine system regulates (response to stress) by means of _______.

A

Adrenals

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8
Q

The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (thyroid).

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (thyroid and pancreas).

A

Calcium and BS levels

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10
Q

The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (adrenals).

A

Response to stress

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11
Q

Where are adrenals located?

A

On top of kidneys

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12
Q

Where is thyroid located

A

in neck

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13
Q

Where is pancreas located?

A

b/w kidneys

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14
Q

What hormones does the thyroid excrete?

A
  1. T3 and T4

2. Calcitonin

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15
Q

What type of hormone are T3 and T4?

A

Amine

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16
Q

What type of hormone is calcitonin?

A

Peptide

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17
Q

What does T3 and T4 do?

A
  1. Increase metabolism
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Regulates tissue growth
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18
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

In Children:

  1. Regulates of blood calcium
  2. Through uptake in bone
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19
Q

What are the different types of adrenal glands?

A
  1. Adrenal medulla

2. Adrenal cortex

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20
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal medulla excrete?

A
  1. Epi

2. Norepi

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21
Q

What type of hormones are Epi and norepi?

A

Amine

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22
Q

What does Epi and norepi do?

A
  1. Short term stress response:
  2. increase BS and HR
  3. vasoconstriction
  4. blood diversion
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23
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal cortex excrete?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralocorticoids

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24
Q

What type of hormones are Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids?

A

Steroids

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25
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A
  1. Long term stress response
  2. increased BS levels
  3. blood vol. maintenance
  4. immune suppression
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26
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A
  1. Long term stress response
  2. blood vol. and pressure maintenance
  3. sodium and H2O retention by kidneys
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27
Q

A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone.

A

Hypothyroidism

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28
Q

In general what happens to the body of a pt with hypothyroidism

A

Everything slows down

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29
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Hair loss/receding hairline/brittle hair and nails
  2. Apathy
  3. Lethargy/extreme fatigue
  4. Dry/coarse/scaly skin
  5. Muscle aches/weakness
  6. Constipation
  7. Intolerance to cold
  8. Facial/eyelid edema
  9. Dull blank expression
  10. Thick tongue
  11. Slow speech
  12. Anorexia
  13. Menstrual disturbances
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30
Q
  1. Hair loss/receding hairline/brittle hair and nails
  2. Apathy
  3. Lethargy/extreme fatigue
  4. Dry/coarse/scaly skin
  5. Muscle aches/weakness
  6. Constipation
  7. Intolerance to cold
  8. Facial/eyelid edema
  9. Dull blank expression
  10. Thick tongue
  11. Slow speech
  12. Anorexia
  13. Menstrual disturbances
A

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

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31
Q

Late clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Low temp
  2. Low HR
  3. Weight gain
  4. Low LOC
  5. Thick skin
  6. Cardiac complications
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32
Q
  1. Low temp
  2. Low HR
  3. Weight gain
  4. Low LOC
  5. Thick skin
  6. Cardiac complications
A

Late clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism

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33
Q

Severe hypothyroidism leading to decreased mental status, hypothermia, and other symptoms related to slowing of function in multiple organs.

A

Myxedema coma

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34
Q

Is Myxedema coma an emergency? Is it fatal?

A
  1. Yes

2. Often

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35
Q

In general what happens to the body of a pt with hyperthyroidism?

A

All the fast reactions

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36
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Intolerance to heat
  2. Fine, straight hair
  3. Bulging eyes
  4. Enlarged thyroid
  5. High HR
  6. High systolic BP
  7. Breast enlargement
  8. Weight loss
  9. Muscle wasting
  10. Finger clubbing
  11. Tremors
  12. Diarrhea
  13. Amenorrhea
  14. Localized Edema
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37
Q
  1. Intolerance to heat
  2. Fine, straight hair
  3. Bulging eyes
  4. Enlarged thyroid
  5. High HR
  6. High systolic BP
  7. Breast enlargement
  8. Weight loss
  9. Muscle wasting
  10. Finger clubbing
  11. Tremors
  12. Diarrhea
  13. Amenorrhea
A

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

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38
Q

Life-threatening health condition that is associated with untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism.

A

Thyroid Storm

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39
Q

Thyroid Storm S&S

A
  1. High temp

2. Cardiac problems- Increased HR

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40
Q

What type of medication would a pt with thyroid storm need? What’s an example?

A
  1. A non specific beta blocker

2. Ex: Inderal (older med)

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41
Q

What should you be careful of when prescribing Inderal for Thyroid Storm?

A

Since it is non specific it could cause an exacerbation in pts with asthma

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42
Q

Disease that occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid and destroys it.

A

Hashimoto’s Disease

43
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease prevalence in US

A
  1. Most common reason for hypothyroidism in US (developed countries)
44
Q

Why are other forms of hypothyroidism NOT prevalent in the US?

A

We can buy salt with iron in it so we have an adequate iron intake

45
Q

Physical characteristic of untreated Hashimoto’s

46
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease Risk Factors

A
  1. Autoimmune diseases
  2. Genetics
  3. Female
  4. Increased Age
  5. Elevated thyroid antibody levels
  6. Bacterial infections
  7. Excessive iodine intake
  8. Smoking
47
Q
  1. Autoimmune diseases
  2. Genetics
  3. Female
  4. Increased Age
  5. Elevated thyroid antibody levels
  6. Bacterial infections
  7. Excessive iodine intake
A

Hashimoto’s Disease Risk Factors

48
Q

Pathophysiology of Hashimoto’s Disease

A

Destruction of thyroid cells by immune-mediated process

49
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease Symptoms

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Constipation
  3. Day skin
  4. Weight gain
50
Q
  1. Fatigue
  2. Constipation
  3. Day skin
  4. Weight gain
A

Hashimoto’s Disease Symptoms

51
Q

When the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland and causes it to overproduce thyroid hormone. Most common form of hyperthyroidism.

A

Grave’s Disease

52
Q

Grave’s Disease Symptoms

A
  1. Enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
  2. Exophthalmos (eye bulging)
  3. Heat intolerance
  4. Anxiety/irratability
  5. Diffuse goiter
  6. Hand tremors
  7. Perspiration/moist skin
  8. Weight loss
  9. Increased/ireegular HR
  10. Thick red skin on shins or tops of feet
  11. Sexual dysfunction
  12. Frequent BMs
53
Q
  1. Enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
  2. Exophthalmos (eye bulging)
  3. Heat intolerance
  4. Anxiety/irratability
  5. Diffuse goiter
  6. Hand tremors
  7. Perspiration/moist skin
  8. Weight loss
  9. Increased/ireegular HR
  10. Thick red skin on shins or tops of feet
  11. Sexual dysfunction
  12. Frequent BMs
A

Grave’s Disease Symptoms

54
Q

Which tissues are most effected in Grave’s Disease?

A
  1. Tissue behind eyes

2. Skin- usually lower legs and feet

55
Q

What body mechanism is effected in Grave’s Disease? By how much?

A
  1. Metabolism

2. 60-100%

56
Q

Is Grave’s Disease life-threatening?

57
Q

At what age does graves disease develop?

A

Any age but usually after 20

58
Q

What gender does graves disease effect?

A

Any gender but usually women

59
Q

When questioning a thyroid disorder what test should the APRN order?

60
Q

Hypo vs Hyper thyroid: TSH

A

Hypo: increased
Hyper: decreased

61
Q

Hypo vs Hyper thyroid: T3 and T4

A

Hypo: decreased
Hyper: increased

62
Q

Other causes of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Congenital
  2. Radiation
  3. Surgical removal
  4. Virus
  5. Autoimmune
63
Q
  1. Congenital
  2. Radiation
  3. Surgical removal
  4. Virus
  5. Autoimmune
A

Other causes of Hypothyroidism

64
Q

Other causes of Hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Toxic Adenoma
  2. Multi node goiter
  3. Thyroid hormone overdose
65
Q
  1. Toxic Adenoma
  2. Multi node goiter
  3. Thyroid hormone overdose
A

Other causes of Hyperthyroidism

66
Q

Disease cased by excess cortisol-like medications or a tumor that produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol.

A

Cushing’s Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease

67
Q

Careful not to mix up Cushing’s syndrome and crushing’s disease. What’s the difference?

A

Cushing’s DISEASE is caused by a pituitary adenoma

68
Q

What is an example of a cortisol like medication?

A

prednisone

69
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome

A
  1. Enlarged supraclavicular fat pads (buffalo hump)
  2. Moon face
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Dark facial hair (women)
  5. Cardiac hypertrophy
  6. HTN
  7. Obesity
  8. Muscle wasting in limbs (thin extremities, round stomach)
  9. Poor wound healing
  10. Abdominal striae
  11. Amenorrhea
70
Q
  1. Enlarged supraclavicular fat pads (buffalo hump)
  2. Moon face
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Dark facial hair (women)
  5. Cardiac hypertrophy
  6. HTN
  7. Obesity
  8. Muscle wasting in limbs (thin extremities, round stomach)
  9. Poor wound healing
  10. Abdominal striae
  11. Amenorrhea
A

Symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease

71
Q

What does Cushing’s Syndrome lead to?

72
Q

A disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough

cortisol (and sometimes aldosterone, too).

A

Addison’s disease

73
Q

Common mix-up with symptoms of Addison’s disease? Why is it important not to mix up?

A
  1. That the pt is depressed

2. Can lead to lead to adrenal crises

74
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s Disease

A
  1. Bronze skin
  2. Changes in hair distribution
  3. Hypoglycemia
  4. Postural Hypotension
  5. GI disturbances
  6. Weakness
  7. Weight loss
75
Q
  1. Bronze skin
  2. Changes in hair distribution
  3. Hypoglycemia
  4. Postural Hypotension
  5. GI disturbances
  6. Weakness
  7. Weight loss
A

Symptoms of Addison’s Disease

76
Q

Potentially life-threatening medical condition due to severe adrenal insufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the hormone cortisol.

A

Adrenal crisis

77
Q

Symptoms of Adrenal Crisis

A
  1. Profound Fatigue
  2. Dehydration
  3. Vascular Collapse (low BP)
  4. Renal Shut down
  5. Low serum NA
  6. High serum K
78
Q

What can adrenal disorders cause?

A

high and lethal K arrhythmias

79
Q

An autoimmune disease, whereby the body’s immune system reacts against its own cells, in this case the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, and begins to kill these cells.

A

Type 1 Diabetes

80
Q

Normal Vs DMT1: function

A

Normal: Islet cells make insulin, insulin eats glucose, glucose used by body for many things

DMT1: Islet cells destroyed (by autoimmune), excess glucose without carrier, body does not get sugar

81
Q

Diabetes Complications

A

Damage/disease of:

  1. Heart/blood vessels
  2. Nerves
  3. Kidneys
  4. Eyes
  5. Feet
  6. Pregnancy
82
Q

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

83
Q

Mechanism by which DKA occurs

A
  1. Muscle unable to use excess glucose
  2. Sugar broken down into glycogen and proteins
  3. Ketoacidosis
84
Q

How high is sugar in DKA?

A

Usually 250+ but not as high as in HHS

85
Q

Indicators of DKA

A
  1. Usually BS 250+ (not as high as in HHS)

2. ketones in urine

86
Q

Chronic insulin resistance condition that affects the way the body processes BS
The body either doesn’t produce enough insulin, or it resists insulin.

A

Diabetes Type II (DMT2)

87
Q

Normal vs DMT2: process

A

Normal: Islet cells make insulin, insulin eats glucose, glucose used by body for many things

DMT1: Islet cells intact, sufficient insulin but it is resisted and not taken up by BS, increased BS that cant be used by muscle b/c its not attached to insulin

88
Q

What causes DMT2?

A
  1. Obesity

2. Inheritance

89
Q

Complications of DMT2

A
  1. CAD
  2. PAV
  3. Renal disease
  4. Eye problems
  5. GI problems
90
Q

A metabolic complication of DM (usually DMT2) characterized by severe hyperglycemia, extreme dehydration, hyperosmolar plasma, and altered consciousness.

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

91
Q

What sets HHS apart from DKA?

A
  1. Higher BS (600+)

2. No ketones in urine

92
Q

Other names for HHS

A
  1. HHNC-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma
  2. HHNS-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic State
  3. HHNK-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Non-Ketotic
93
Q

A cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.

A

Metabolic Syndrome

94
Q

What are the 5 defining features of metabolic Syndrome?

A
  1. Visceral obesity
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. HTN
  4. High triglycerides
  5. Low HDL- cholesterol
95
Q
  1. Visceral obesity
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. HTN
  4. High triglycerides
  5. Low HDL- cholesterol
A

What are the 5 defining features of metabolic Syndrome?

96
Q

What is a further complication of Metabolic Syndrome?

97
Q

What test can be done to define Metabolic Syndrome?

A

FBS or glucose tolerance test

98
Q

A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women.

A

Gestational Diabetes

99
Q

Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes

A

Often no symptoms

100
Q

How to diagnose Gestational Diabetes

A

Blood sugar test

101
Q

What causes Gestational Diabetes?

A

Placental hormones

102
Q

How can Gestational Diabetes effect baby?

A
  1. High BS in mother
  2. Brings BS to baby
  3. Overweight baby
103
Q

How can Gestational Diabetes effect a women after pregnancy?

A

More prone to DMT2 later in life.

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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