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Advanced Pathology > Pathology Week 3: Quiz 2: Diseases of the Immune System- Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Pathology Week 3: Quiz 2: Diseases of the Immune System- Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Mediated by cells and proteins that are always present and react to infectious pathogens.

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

Innate immunity provides the first line of defense in response to what?

A

infection

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3
Q

Innate immunity are involved in clearing what products from the body?

A

damaged cells and tissues

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4
Q

A major reaction of innate immunity

A

Inflammation

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5
Q

Major component of innate immunity

A

epithelial barriers

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6
Q

What do epithelial barriers do in innate immunity?

A

block the entry of microbes

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7
Q

What cells comprise the innate immune system?

A
  1. Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. NK cells
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8
Q

Express receptors that sense the presence of infectious agents that are released form dead cells.

A

Cells of innate immunity

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9
Q

What happens when pathogens have evolved to resist innate immunity and protection against these infections requires a more specialized approach?

A

Adaptive immune system takes over

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10
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ: number of substances they can recognize?

A

Innate: Vast array
Adaptive: Less

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11
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ: Response timing

A

Innate: Rapid
Adaptive: Slow

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12
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ: recognition receptors

A

Innate: germ-line encoded, CD14, mannose and scavenger
Adaptive: initially low affinity

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13
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ: Response to recognition of pathogen

A

Innate: increased cytokines, costimulatory molecules
Adaptive: Gene rearrangement, clonal expression

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14
Q

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ: Result of response

A

Innate: Phagocytosis, antimocrobial activity
Adaptive: T and B cells with receptors encoded, memory

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15
Q

Two lines of defense of innate immunity

A
  1. Natural barriers

2. Inflammatory response

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16
Q

What are considered the natural barriers involved in innate immunity?

A
  1. Intact skin/epithelial cells
  2. Simple chemicals
  3. Mucous membranes/Mucous
  4. Cilia
  5. Normal Bacterial Flora
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17
Q

Closely packed cells, multiple layering, continuous shedding of cells, and presence of keratin.

A

Intact skin as a natural barrier

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18
Q

Create non specific, salty, acidic environment, and antibacterial proteins

A

Simple chemicals as a natural barrier

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19
Q

GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts

A

Mucous membranes as a natural barrier

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20
Q

Block and destroy microbes by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins and peptides.

A

Epithelial cells as a natural barrier

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21
Q

Traps and washes away invaders.

A

Mucus as a natural barrier

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22
Q

Moves microbes out of tract, sneezing and coughing

A

Cilia as a natural barrier

23
Q

Second line of defense in innate immunity, involves cellular and chemical components

A

Inflammatory response

24
Q

What are the cardinal signs of the inflammation response?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
25
Q

When epithelial barriers are not enough to protect what is activated ?

A

The inflammatory response

26
Q

Infection, mechanical damage, O2 deprivation, nutrient deprivation, genetic/immune defects, chemical agents, temperature extremes, and ionizing radiation are what?

A

Inflammatory response triggers

27
Q

Is the inflammatory response specific or non specific?

A

non specific

28
Q

Inflammatory Response Process

A
  1. Damaged cell releases inflammatory mediators
  2. Nearby Mast cells release inflammatory mediators
  3. Vascular, cellular, and systemic (or acute phase) response
  4. brief capillary constriction
  5. blood vessel dilation
  6. increased vascular permeability
  7. leakage of fluid out of the vessel
  8. WBCs adhere to the inner walls of vessels
  9. WBCs migration through vessel walls to the site of the injury
29
Q

Blood flow bringing the cells what they need to heal.

A

Vascular inflammatory response

30
Q

Cleaning out of debris and infections and directing the healing process.

A

Cellular inflammatory response

31
Q

The body getting all the systems to help in the inflammatory response

A

Systemic or acute phase inflammatory response

32
Q

Activation of plasma protein systems that can kill invaders directly, and collaborate with all other aspects of inflammatory response.

A

Complement cascade

33
Q

Makes fibrinous meshwork at injured site, traps microorganisms, forms clots.

A

Clotting cascade

34
Q

What is the end product the clotting cascade?

A

Fibrin

35
Q

Augments inflammation and produces bradykinin.

A

Kinin cascade

36
Q

Causes pain, leukocyte chemotaxis and vascular permeability.

A

Bradykinin

37
Q

REVIEW CHART WITH CELL DIFERENTIATION

A

REVIEW CHART WITH CELL DIFERENTIATION

38
Q

Cells of Innate Immunity

A
  1. Neutrophils, Macrophage, dendritic: phagocytic

4. Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Basophils, NK: innate leukocytes

39
Q

Neutrophils

A
  1. quick
  2. early phagocyte
  3. within 6-12 hours of injury
  4. die at site
  5. pus
40
Q

Macrophage

A
  1. more efficient phagocyte (than neutrophils)
  2. second arrival in injury
  3. 3-7 days after injury
  4. activate adaptive immune system
  5. promote healing
  6. help to contain infectious agents until adaptive immunity is functional and can come to help
41
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

have activating receptors and inhibitory receptors

42
Q

Mast Cells

A
  1. central cell in inflammation
  2. easily activated
  3. histamine, chemotactic factors cytokines (which release histamine) interleukins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor
  4. chemotaxis and TNF
43
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. help regulate mediators released from mast cells

2. primary defense against parasites

44
Q

Basophils

A

associated with allergies and asthma.

45
Q

Three primary changes in acute inflammatory response

A
  1. Fever
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Increased levels of circulating plasma proteins
46
Q

What is occurring when Cytokines (IL-1) are released from neutrophils and macrophages “endogenous pyrogens” and Pathogen-produced pyrogens are exogenous pyrogens?

A

Fever in an acute inflammatory response

47
Q

What is occurring when primarily neutrophils increase possibly causing a “left shift” as stimulated by complement C3a and G-CSF?

A

Leukocytosis in an acute inflammatory response

48
Q

What is occurring when acute phase reactants reach max levels within 10-40 hours of infection (IL-1,IL-6)?

A

Increased levels of circulating plasma proteins in an acute inflammatory response

49
Q

Which plasma proteins are present at increased levels in an acute inflammatory response?

A
  1. fibrinogen
  2. c-reactive protein
  3. amyloid A
  4. antitrypsin
50
Q

What are the S&S associated with an acute inflammatory response?

A
  1. Increased in erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR)
  2. Somnolence
  3. Malaise
  4. Anorexia
  5. Muscle aches
51
Q

Persistent inflammation from prolonged irritation.

A

Chronic Inflammation

52
Q

How long does inflammation have to last to be considered Chronic Inflammation?

A

> 2 weeks

53
Q

What causes prolonged irritation in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. toxins left after microorganisms killed in acute phase

2. microorganisms that survive and avoid clearance by acute inflammatory response.

54
Q

What forms if macrophages are unable to limit the tissue damage or infection?

A
  1. Granulomas

2. Large antigen-antibody complexes

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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