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Advanced Pathology > CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Arterial System > Flashcards

CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Arterial System Flashcards

1
Q

Buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque),

A

Arthrosclerosis

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2
Q

Which arteries does Arthrosclerosis effect?

A

ALL Arteries

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3
Q

At what point does someone with Arthrosclerosis begin to experience pain?

A

70% blockage

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4
Q

Arthrosclerosis risk factors

A
  1. Family history
  2. HLD
  3. HTN
  4. Diabetes
  5. Smoking
  6. Post menopausal women
  7. Man older than 45
  8. Obesity
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5
Q

Why are Post menopausal women at higher risk for Arthrosclerosis?

A

no longer have protective hormones’

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6
Q

A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel

A

Embolus

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7
Q

Aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug

A

Thrombus

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8
Q

7 symptoms of arterial occlusion

A
  1. Pistol shock (means acute onset)
  2. Pallor
  3. Polar- cold
  4. Pain
  5. Paralysis
  6. Pesia?
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9
Q

What happens to plaques that rupture?

A

Cause formation of blood clots

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10
Q

Thrombus vs embolus

A

Thrombus just sits on vessel and when it breaks off it is an embolus (Platelets can adhere to it)

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11
Q

If Embolus/Thrombus is in PIV what occurs?

A

no pulse

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12
Q

If Embolus/Thrombus is in brain what occurs?

A

thrombotic stroke

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13
Q

If Embolus/Thrombus is in heart or coronary artery what occurs?

A

STEMI

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14
Q

What must happen to be eligible to get a vessel fixed?

A

70% occlusion

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15
Q

What should an NP do for a pt post MI?

A
  1. Can have healing problems from malnutrition so set up nutritionist
  2. Follow up
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16
Q

When the arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed or occluded

A

CAD

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17
Q

Main indicating symptom of CAD/MI

A

symptoms and pain do not change with position

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18
Q

S&S of CAD/MI

A
  1. Angina
  2. Substrernal chest pain
  3. N&V
  4. Diaphoresis
  5. Tachy/bradycardia
  6. SOB
  7. Pain anywhere (Headaches, Jaw pain, Shoulder, Epigastric)
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19
Q

What is done to diagnose CAD?

A
  1. EKG

2. Stress testing

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20
Q

Why are EKGs good tests?

A

No preparation, cheap, can be done anywhere

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21
Q

What kinds of stress test are there?

A

Regular stress test nd nuclear

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22
Q

Regular stress test

A

Stress test done on treadmill

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23
Q

Nuclear stress test

A

Stress test performed by being given a nuclear item while lying down to increase HR

24
Q

Preparation for Regular stress test

A
  1. Things to not eat or drink before

2. Wear good shoes

25
Q

Partial Blockage in CAD can cause what to happen to the body?

A
  1. Angina
  2. non STEMI or STEMI
  3. cardiac arrythmias
  4. pt to develop HF
  5. If its a blockage it can cause sudden death
  6. Vtach or Afib
26
Q

AFTER an older person has an MI what should an NP do?

A
  1. they will probably do okay (as long as it’s not a major occlusion of a vessel)
  2. Rehab (teach pt the thighs that are good for them)
  3. After recovered and cleared exercise and diet is good
  4. Help pt to understand medications and importance 5. follow up care
27
Q

What is different in women and men when considering MI?

A
  1. Women have smaller vessels
  2. Women and men have different symptoms
  3. Women’s risk gets much higher after menopause
28
Q

Classifications of CAD

A
  1. Chronic Ischemic HD

2. ACS (acute coronary syndrome)

29
Q

Term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart. One such condition is a MI.

A

acute coronary syndrome

30
Q

Tests for ACS

A
  1. EKG
  2. troponin
  3. Ck
31
Q

STEMI vs NSTEMI vs Unstable Angina

A
  1. STEMI- EKG changes
  2. NSTEMI- no EKG changes, cardiac markers raised
  3. Unstable angina- no EKG changes, no cardiac markers raised
32
Q

Stable vs unstable angina

A

Stable- predictable, with exertion

Unstable- unpredictable, at rest

33
Q

A quick, noninvasive way to check for peripheral artery disease and assess the severity of the narrowed arteries.

A

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

34
Q

How is ABI determined?

A

By taking the higher pressure of the 2 arteries at the ankle, divided by the brachial arterial systolic pressure.

35
Q

Inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms.

A

Giant Cell Arteritis

36
Q

S&S of Giant Cell Arteritis

A
  1. Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area
  2. Scalp tenderness
  3. Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide
  4. Fever
  5. Fatigue
  6. Unintended weight loss
  7. Vision loss or double vision
  8. Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye
37
Q

What can Giant Cell Arteritis lead to?

A

Blindness if not treated promptly

38
Q

Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis is?

A

Corticosteroid

39
Q

blockage or narrowing of an artery in the legs (or rarely the arms)

A

Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease

40
Q

What does Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease cause?

A

Claudication

41
Q

Pain caused by too little blood flow to your legs or arms.

A

Claudication

42
Q

Rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. Blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked thrombi.

A

Buerger’s Disease

43
Q

What can Buerger’s Disease cause to happen?

A
  1. Damages/destroys skin
  2. Infection and gangrene
  3. Amputation
44
Q

Who gets Buerger’s Disease ?

A

tobacco use (smoking chewing, ect…)

45
Q

S&S of Buerger’s Disease

A
  1. Tingling/numbness hands/ feet
  2. Pale, reddish/blue-tinted hands/feet.
  3. Pain that may come and go in legs/feet or arms/hands
    (claudication) , or at rest
  4. Inflammation along a vein just below the skin’s surface (d/t clot)
  5. Raynaud’s phenomenon
  6. Painful open sores on fingers/toes
46
Q

Raynaud’s Disease vs Raynaud’s Phenomenon

A

Raynaud’s Disease (primary): happens without illness

Raynaud’s Disease (secondary): happens d/t an illness

47
Q

When fingers and toes feel numb/cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. This occurs when smaller arteries that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected areas (vasospasm).

A

Raynaud’s Disease

48
Q

Raynaud’s Disease risk factors

A
  1. Women

2. Cold climates

49
Q

Cause of Raynaud’s Disease

A

Not completely understood but thought to be an overaction of blood vessels to cold/stress

50
Q

Main Symptom of Raynaud’s Disease

A

white/ blue color when cold and red when returning blood

51
Q

When part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to balloon out or widen abnormally.

A

Aneurysms

52
Q

Risk factors for Aneurysms

A
  1. Family history
  2. HTN
  3. HLD
53
Q

Where can aneurysms occur?

A

Anywhere

54
Q

Most common types of aneurysms.

A
  1. Aortic aneurysm
  2. Cerebral aneurysm
  3. Popliteal artery aneurysm (behind knee)
  4. Mesenteric artery aneurysm (intestine)
  5. Splenic artery aneurysm
55
Q

S&S of Aneurysm

A
  1. Pain
  2. Clammy skin
  3. Dizziness
  4. Nausea and vomiting
  5. Rapid heart rate
  6. Shock
  7. Low blood pressure
56
Q

How is a Aneurysm diagnosed?

A
  1. Angiogram
  2. CT
  3. Ultrasound
57
Q

When is an Aneurysm a emergency?

A

When it ruptures

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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