CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Arterial System Flashcards
Buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque),
Arthrosclerosis
Which arteries does Arthrosclerosis effect?
ALL Arteries
At what point does someone with Arthrosclerosis begin to experience pain?
70% blockage
Arthrosclerosis risk factors
- Family history
- HLD
- HTN
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Post menopausal women
- Man older than 45
- Obesity
Why are Post menopausal women at higher risk for Arthrosclerosis?
no longer have protective hormones’
A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel
Embolus
Aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug
Thrombus
7 symptoms of arterial occlusion
- Pistol shock (means acute onset)
- Pallor
- Polar- cold
- Pain
- Paralysis
- Pesia?
What happens to plaques that rupture?
Cause formation of blood clots
Thrombus vs embolus
Thrombus just sits on vessel and when it breaks off it is an embolus (Platelets can adhere to it)
If Embolus/Thrombus is in PIV what occurs?
no pulse
If Embolus/Thrombus is in brain what occurs?
thrombotic stroke
If Embolus/Thrombus is in heart or coronary artery what occurs?
STEMI
What must happen to be eligible to get a vessel fixed?
70% occlusion
What should an NP do for a pt post MI?
- Can have healing problems from malnutrition so set up nutritionist
- Follow up
When the arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed or occluded
CAD
Main indicating symptom of CAD/MI
symptoms and pain do not change with position
S&S of CAD/MI
- Angina
- Substrernal chest pain
- N&V
- Diaphoresis
- Tachy/bradycardia
- SOB
- Pain anywhere (Headaches, Jaw pain, Shoulder, Epigastric)
What is done to diagnose CAD?
- EKG
2. Stress testing
Why are EKGs good tests?
No preparation, cheap, can be done anywhere
What kinds of stress test are there?
Regular stress test nd nuclear
Regular stress test
Stress test done on treadmill
Nuclear stress test
Stress test performed by being given a nuclear item while lying down to increase HR
Preparation for Regular stress test
- Things to not eat or drink before
2. Wear good shoes
Partial Blockage in CAD can cause what to happen to the body?
- Angina
- non STEMI or STEMI
- cardiac arrythmias
- pt to develop HF
- If its a blockage it can cause sudden death
- Vtach or Afib
AFTER an older person has an MI what should an NP do?
- they will probably do okay (as long as it’s not a major occlusion of a vessel)
- Rehab (teach pt the thighs that are good for them)
- After recovered and cleared exercise and diet is good
- Help pt to understand medications and importance 5. follow up care
What is different in women and men when considering MI?
- Women have smaller vessels
- Women and men have different symptoms
- Women’s risk gets much higher after menopause
Classifications of CAD
- Chronic Ischemic HD
2. ACS (acute coronary syndrome)
Term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart. One such condition is a MI.
acute coronary syndrome
Tests for ACS
- EKG
- troponin
- Ck
STEMI vs NSTEMI vs Unstable Angina
- STEMI- EKG changes
- NSTEMI- no EKG changes, cardiac markers raised
- Unstable angina- no EKG changes, no cardiac markers raised
Stable vs unstable angina
Stable- predictable, with exertion
Unstable- unpredictable, at rest
A quick, noninvasive way to check for peripheral artery disease and assess the severity of the narrowed arteries.
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
How is ABI determined?
By taking the higher pressure of the 2 arteries at the ankle, divided by the brachial arterial systolic pressure.
Inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms.
Giant Cell Arteritis
S&S of Giant Cell Arteritis
- Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area
- Scalp tenderness
- Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Unintended weight loss
- Vision loss or double vision
- Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye
What can Giant Cell Arteritis lead to?
Blindness if not treated promptly
Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis is?
Corticosteroid
blockage or narrowing of an artery in the legs (or rarely the arms)
Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease
What does Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease cause?
Claudication
Pain caused by too little blood flow to your legs or arms.
Claudication
Rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. Blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked thrombi.
Buerger’s Disease
What can Buerger’s Disease cause to happen?
- Damages/destroys skin
- Infection and gangrene
- Amputation
Who gets Buerger’s Disease ?
tobacco use (smoking chewing, ect…)
S&S of Buerger’s Disease
- Tingling/numbness hands/ feet
- Pale, reddish/blue-tinted hands/feet.
- Pain that may come and go in legs/feet or arms/hands
(claudication) , or at rest - Inflammation along a vein just below the skin’s surface (d/t clot)
- Raynaud’s phenomenon
- Painful open sores on fingers/toes
Raynaud’s Disease vs Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Raynaud’s Disease (primary): happens without illness
Raynaud’s Disease (secondary): happens d/t an illness
When fingers and toes feel numb/cold in response to cold temperatures or stress. This occurs when smaller arteries that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected areas (vasospasm).
Raynaud’s Disease
Raynaud’s Disease risk factors
- Women
2. Cold climates
Cause of Raynaud’s Disease
Not completely understood but thought to be an overaction of blood vessels to cold/stress
Main Symptom of Raynaud’s Disease
white/ blue color when cold and red when returning blood
When part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to balloon out or widen abnormally.
Aneurysms
Risk factors for Aneurysms
- Family history
- HTN
- HLD
Where can aneurysms occur?
Anywhere
Most common types of aneurysms.
- Aortic aneurysm
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Popliteal artery aneurysm (behind knee)
- Mesenteric artery aneurysm (intestine)
- Splenic artery aneurysm
S&S of Aneurysm
- Pain
- Clammy skin
- Dizziness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid heart rate
- Shock
- Low blood pressure
How is a Aneurysm diagnosed?
- Angiogram
- CT
- Ultrasound
When is an Aneurysm a emergency?
When it ruptures
