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Advanced Pathology > CV System and Disorders: Week 4: Set 3 > Flashcards

CV System and Disorders: Week 4: Set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is done to diagnose HF

A
  1. Coronary angiogram
  2. TSH-thyroid
  3. CBC
  4. Chemistry profile
  5. BMP (basic metabolic profile)
  6. Magnesium
  7. Check BNP (brain neutropenic protein)
  8. EKG
  9. Echocadiogram
  10. Chest Xray
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2
Q

Why is a coronary angio done for diagnosing HF? Who does it?

A
  1. Can’t figure out etiology

2. Cardiologist

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3
Q

Why is TSH levels read for diagnosing HF?

A

hyperthyroid > aFib> HF

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4
Q

Why is CBC read when diagnosing HF?

A

anemia

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5
Q

Why is magnesium read when diagnosing HF?

A

can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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6
Q

Why is BNP read when diagnosing HF?

A

Elevated in HF pts

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7
Q

Why is chest xray read when diagnosing HF?

A
  1. Visualize heart and lungs

2. See if pleural effusion or enlarged heart

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8
Q

what are AHA and ACC(1-4) AND NYHA (A-D)? What do they do?

A
  1. systems to classify HF
  2. so they know who can get heart transplants
  3. Higher is worse (4 and D)
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9
Q

Maintenance of Cardiac Reserve in HF: Compensatory and Adaptive Mechanisms

A
  1. Activation of SNS, RAAS

2. Activation of inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

What does activation of SNS, RAAS as a compensatory/adaptive mechanism for HF do to help?

A
  1. Maintain cardiac output through….
  2. increased retention of salt and water
  3. peripheral arterial vasoconstriction
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11
Q

What does activation of inflammatory mediators as a compensatory/adaptive mechanism for HF do to help?

A

involved in cardiac repair and remodelling

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12
Q

EF in systolic and diastolic HF

A

Systolic-Low EF

Diastolic-EF-60%

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13
Q

Which disorders start with right HF with progression to left HF?

A

COPD and cor pulmonale

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14
Q

Which disorders start with left HF with progression to right HF?

A

CAD

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15
Q

Acute vs chronic HF

A

Acute-occurs very suddenly, medical emergency

Chronic- develops gradually over time

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16
Q
  1. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
  2. Pulmonary congestion
  3. Restlessness
    4, Confusion
  4. Orthopnea
  5. Tachypnea
  6. Exertional dyspnea
  7. Fatigue
  8. Cyanosis
A

Left HF S&S

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17
Q
  1. Fatigue
  2. increased peripheral venous pressure
  3. Ascites
  4. Enlarged liver/spleen
  5. Secondary to pulmonary problems
  6. JVD
  7. Anorexia/GI distress
  8. Weight gain
  9. Edema
A

Right HF S&S

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18
Q

Systolic HF vs Diastolic HF

A

Systolic-left ventricle can’t contract completely

Diastolic- left ventricle can’t fill properly

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19
Q

Condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.

A

Pulmonary Edema

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20
Q

Types of Circulatory Shock

A 
Hypovolemic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Obstructive Shock
Distributive Shock
Septic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
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21
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by insufficient circulating volume

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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22
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by a failure of the heart to pump correctly

A

Cardiogenic Shock

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23
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by an obstruction of blood flow outside of the heart (usually venous)

A

Obstructive Shock

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24
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by an abnormal distribution of blood to tissues and organs.

A

Distributive Shock

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25
Q

Distributive Shock is broken into 3 types of shock. what are they?

A

Septic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic

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26
Q

How does Septic Shock occur?

A
  1. Systemic infection that cannot be cleared by the immune system
  2. Vasodilation and hypotension
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27
Q

How does Anaphylactic Shock occur?

A
  1. Reaction to allergen
  2. Release of histamine
  3. Vasodilation and hypotension
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28
Q

How does Neurogenic Shock occur?

A
  1. Damage to the CNS
  2. Impairs cardiac function by reducing HR and loosening the blood vessel tone
  3. Severe hypotension
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29
Q
  1. Cardiopulmonary arrest
  2. Dysrhythmia
  3. Renal failure
  4. Multisystem organ failure
  5. Ventricular aneurysm
  6. Thromboembolic sequelae
  7. Stroke
  8. Death
A

Complications of circulatory shock

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30
Q

Infants & Children with HF from what?

A

Heart damage

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31
Q

Rare self-limited vasculitis, most often affects kids younger than 5 years old.

A

Kawasaki Disease

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32
Q

Why is it best to be noticed ASAP?

A

can lead to all kinds of complications

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33
Q

Progression of Kawasaki Disease

A

Starts in small vessels and progresses to larger arteries

34
Q

What virus causes Kawasaki Disease

A

Seen in children post corona virus

35
Q

Etiology of Kawasaki Disease

36
Q

What can Kawasaki Disease cause?

A

Most common cause of acquired heart disease in children (if not picked up early)

37
Q

Kawasaki Disease Diagnostics

A
  1. No specific diagnostics

2. Based on symptoms.

38
Q

How soon should Kawasaki Disease be diagnosed to avoid long term damage?

A

within first 10 days

39
Q

Phases of Kawasaki Disease

A

Acute
Subacute
Convalescent

40
Q

How long for all symptoms and signs of inflammation disappear?

A

usually takes about 8 weeks

41
Q

Most tell tale S&S of Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease

42
Q
  1. bloodshot eyes
  2. pink rash on the back, belly, arms, legs, and genital area
  3. red, dry, cracked lips
  4. “strawberry” tongue
  5. sore throat
  6. swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet 7. a purple-red color on hands and soles of the feet
  7. swollen lymph glands in the neck
A

Other S&S of Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease

43
Q

How long does the Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease last?

A

About 5 days

44
Q

Myocarditis

A

Myocardium is inflamed w/o evidence of a MI

45
Q

Pericarditis

A

fluid build up in sac (pericardial sac)

46
Q

Complication of Pericarditis

A
  1. compression of heart (Cardiac Tamponade)
47
Q

Type of fluid in Pericarditis

A

can be fluid, blood, pus, ect

48
Q

Is Pericarditis emergent?

A

Depending on the amount of fluid can be emergent

49
Q

Treatment for Pericarditis

A

Pericardial window

50
Q

How is Pericardial window performed

A

Open window> put in drain and collection bag to drain into

51
Q

Where is Pericardial window performed?

52
Q

When is Pericardial window performed more than once for Pericarditis?

A

pts with certain cancers

53
Q

Infective-Invasion on heart valves & endocardium by microbial agent

A

Endocarditis

54
Q

What is usually effected by Endocarditis?

A

mitral and aortic valve

55
Q

Diagnostics for Endocarditis

A
  1. Blood cultures
  2. Temperature
  3. EKG
  4. Echocardiogram
56
Q

Criteria used to define endocarditis

A

Duke Criteria

57
Q

What is Duke Criteria used for?

A

Treatment is based on that

58
Q

Complication of Endocarditis

A

bulky, friable vegetations & destruction of underlying cardiac tissues

59
Q

Who is at risk for Endocarditis

A
  1. Artificial heart valves
  2. certain heart birth defects
  3. Pts getting IV meds
  4. IV drug user
  5. Damage or defects to endocardial surface
60
Q

What do pts at risk for Endocarditis need to do as a preventative measure?

A

take antibiotics to prevent endocarditis, before dental or surgical procedures

61
Q

Most common organisms that cause Endocarditis?

A
  1. Staphylococci
  2. Streptococci
  3. Enterococci
62
Q

Treatment of Endocarditis

A

Long IV treatment course

63
Q

Abnormal murmurs are usually caused by congenital heart disease

A

Murmurs in children

64
Q

inflammatory disease that can affect connective tissues-heart, joints, skin, or brain caused by Group A (Beta hemolytc) streptococcus

A

rheumatic fever

65
Q

Who does rheumatic fever effect?

66
Q

Complication of rheumatic fever

A
  1. pyelonephritis and then kidney failure

2. myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis

67
Q

Most effected valves in rheumatic fever

A

mitral & aortic

68
Q

disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body

A

Cardiomyopathy (CMP)

69
Q

What is a complication of CMP

70
Q

Cause of CMP

A

AFib (or tachy arrhythmias)

71
Q

Who does CMP affect?

A

Can affect any age but most often older adults

72
Q

Types of CMP

A
  1. Hypertrophic
  2. Dilated
  3. Restrictive
73
Q

Hypertrophic CMP

A
  1. Diastolic
  2. athletes
  3. Thick left ven wall
74
Q

Dilated CMP

A
  1. Systolic
  2. Common
  3. Enlarged all chambers
75
Q

Restrictive CMP

A
  1. Diastolic
  2. Laast common
  3. Rigid vent walls
76
Q

A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.

A

PV Disease

77
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: what is imparied?

A

Systolic- contractility

Diastolic- filling/relaxation

78
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction- heart muscle

A

Systolic- thin weak

Diastolic- stiff/thick

79
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: heart sounds

A

Systolic- S3 gallop

Diastolic- S4 gallop

80
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: EJF

A

Systolic: low
Diastolic: normal

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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