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advanced pathology > Gastrointestinal Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the diseases of the teeth and supporting structures?

A
  • Caries
  • Gingivitis
  • Periodontitis
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2
Q

Permanently damaged areas in teeth that develop into tiny holes

A

Caries

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3
Q

What is another name for caries?

A

Cavities

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4
Q

What causes caries?

A
  • bacteria
  • snacking and sipping sugary drinks
  • poor teeth cleaning
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5
Q

Symptoms of caries

A
  • toothache
  • infection
  • tooth loss
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6
Q

Treatment for caries

A
  • fluoride
  • fillings and crowns
  • root canal
  • removal
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7
Q

A form of gum disease that causes inflamed gums.

A

Gingivitis

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8
Q

What causes Gingivitis?

A

poor oral hygiene

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9
Q

Complications of gingivitis

A

tooth loss and other serious conditions

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10
Q

Symptoms of gingivitis

A
  • swollen/puffy
  • receding,
  • tender
  • bleed easily
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11
Q

Treatment for gingivitis

A
  • professional cleaning

- oral rinses

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12
Q

A serious gum infection that damages gums and can destroy the jawbone

A

Periodontitis

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13
Q

Cause of Periodontitis

A
  • poor oral hygiene
  • plaque and calculus
  • inflammation
  • deepening pocket
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14
Q

What can Periodontitis cause?

A
  • heart and lung diseases
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15
Q

Symptoms of periodontitis

A

-swollen, red, tender gums

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16
Q

Treatment for periodontitis

A
  • professionally cleaning the pockets around teeth to prevent damage to surrounding bone.
  • Advanced cases may require surgery.
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17
Q

Another name for gums

A

Gingiva

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18
Q

Oral Inflammatory lesions

A
  • Aphthous (canker sores)
  • Herpes Simplex Virus infection
  • Oral candidiasis (thrush)
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19
Q

Aphthous

A

canker sores

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20
Q

Oral candidiasis

A

thrush

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21
Q

Normal throat anatomy-be able to identify

A
  • lips
  • gums
  • uvula
  • inside wall of cheek
  • tonsil
  • tongue
  • gum up crease
  • soft palate
  • anterior pillars of tonsils
  • posterior wall of throat (pharynx)
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22
Q

Normal throat vs abnormal throat: color

A

normal: pink
abnormal: fire-engine red, sores, ulcers

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23
Q

Normal tonsils

A

-all different sizes

same color as rest of mouth and surrounding tissue

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24
Q

Shallow grey or white sores with a red edge or border that can occur on the inside of the lips, gum lip crease, soft palate or tongue

A

Cancer sores

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25
Q

An infection in which the fungus Candida albicans accumulates in the mouth.

A

Oral candidiasis

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26
Q

Who gets Oral candidiasis?

A
  • babies
  • immune deficiency
  • those who use steroid sprays for asthma.
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27
Q

Symptoms of Oral candidiasis

A

-white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks

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28
Q

Treatment of Oral candidiasis

A
  • yogurt

- antifungal medication

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29
Q

Types of cavity

A
  • smooth surface
  • pit and fissure
  • root
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30
Q

Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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31
Q

What % of oral cavity cancers are squamous cell carcinoma?

A

95%

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32
Q

What percent of oral cavity cancers are salivary gland adenocarcinomas?

A

5%

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33
Q

What is critical for survival when considering oral cancer?

A
  • Surveillance

- early detection

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34
Q

Etiology of oral cancer

A

Exposure to carcinogens such as:

  • alcohol
  • smoked & chewed tobacco

Also:
-Infection with high risk variants of HPV

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35
Q

Diseases of the Salivary glands

A
  • Xerostomia
  • Sialadenitis
  • Sialolithiasis
  • Neoplasms
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
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36
Q

Dry mouth

A

Xerostomia

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37
Q

Common cause of Xerostomia

A
  • Certain medications

- Not usually due to underlying disease

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38
Q

Other causes of Xerostomia

A
  • not drinking enough fluids
  • sleeping with mouth open
  • dry hot weather
  • eating dry food
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39
Q

What population often gets Xerostomia?

A

Older people

40
Q

Condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands

A

Sialadenitis

41
Q

Causes of Sialadenitis

A
  • trauma
  • viral/bacterial infection
  • autoimmune disease
42
Q

Most common form of viral infection causing Sialadenitis? What does this infection cause?

A
  • mumps

- cause enlargement all salivary glands

43
Q

Most common bacterial infections causing Sialadenitis? What causes this infection cause?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus viridans
  • Causes sialolithiasis
44
Q

Condition where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland

A

sialolithiasis

45
Q

What is another name for sialolithiasis

A

calculi or stones

46
Q

Which glands do sialolithiasis typically form in?

A

duct of the submandibular gland

47
Q

What is another name for the submandibular gland?

A

Wharton’s duct

48
Q

Where else can sialolithiasis form? (rare)

A
  • parotid gland
  • sublingual gland
  • minor salivary gland
49
Q

what percentage of sialolithiasis form in the submandibular glands?

A

80-90%

50
Q

Do sialolithiasis more commonlu occur bilaterally or unilaterally? what %?

A
  • more commonly unilaterlaly

- 75%

51
Q

Who rarely gets sialolithiasis?

A

children

52
Q

Is sialolithiasis a neoplasm? Is it cancerous?

A
  • yes

- not always

53
Q

An autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own healthy cells that produce saliva and tears

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

54
Q

Symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome

A
  • xerostomia
  • xeropthalmia
  • blepharitis
  • difficulty swallowing
55
Q

dry eyes

A

xeropthalmia

56
Q

Inflammation of the eyelid margin

A

blepharitis

57
Q

What disorders cause sjogren’s syndrome?

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis

- lupus

58
Q

Treatment for sjogren’s syndrome?

A
  • eye drops
  • medications
  • eye surgery
59
Q

Does having dry eyes and mouth mean you have sjogren’s syndrome?

A

no

60
Q

Who commonly gets symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without actually having the condition?

A

Older people

61
Q

How much of the older population have the same symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?

A

1/3

62
Q

Why does the older population have the same symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?

A

age related atrophy of the lacrimal and salivary glands

63
Q

Who else other than the older population gets symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?

A

pts on antihistamine or anticholinergic medications (these are side effects)

64
Q

Disorders of the Esophagus

A
  • Esophageal Varices

- Esophageal Lacerations

65
Q

Abnormal veins in the lower part of the tube running from the throat to the stomach.

A

Esophageal Varices

66
Q

What causes Esophageal Varices?

A

Usually develop when blood flow to the liver is blocked

67
Q

Who gets esophageal Varices?

A

pts with advanced liver disease.

68
Q

Symptoms of esophageal Varices?

A

Usually no symptoms unless the veins bleed

69
Q

Symptoms of bleeding esophageal Varices?

A
  • vomiting blood
  • tar-like/bloody stools
  • shock
70
Q

Treatment for esophageal Varices

A
  • beta blockers
  • medical procedures to stop bleeding
  • liver transplant (rare)
71
Q

Pathophysiology of esophageal Varices

A
  1. Cirrhosis of the liver causes
  2. Architectural distortion and
  3. Deficiency in nitric oxide
  4. Which causes increase in intrahepatic vascular resistance
  5. And splanchnic arteriolar vasodilation
  6. Which cause decreased outflow and increased inflow
  7. Which causes portal HTN
  8. Causes increase din vessels
  9. Large vessels can rupture and bleed when pressure is too high
72
Q

A tear of the tissue of your lower esophagus

A

Mallory-Weiss tears

73
Q

Where does a Mallory-Weiss tear occur in the lower esophagus?

A
  • mucosal layer

- junction of esophagus and stomach

74
Q

What causes a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

violent coughing or vomiting

75
Q

How is a Mallory-Weiss tear diagnosed?

A

An endoscopic procedure

76
Q

What are symptoms and complications of a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A
  • anemia
  • fatigue
  • SOB
  • shock
77
Q

Disorders of GI Function

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • GI bleeding
78
Q

Anatomy of the GI system- be able to identify

A
  • oral cavity
  • mandible
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • stomach
  • duodnum
  • transverse colon
  • jejunum
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • caecum
  • ilium
  • appendix
  • sigmid colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
79
Q

DIAGRAM OF INTESTINE DISORDERS

A

DO WE NEED TO KNOW THESE?

80
Q

Areas of the brain implicated in nausea and vomiting

A
  1. GI chemoreceptors
  2. GI mechanoreceptors
  3. 5HT-3 receptors/enterochromaffin cells
  4. Vestibular system
  5. Higher cortical areas
  6. Chemoreceptor trigger zone floor of 4th ventricle
  7. Medulla
81
Q

What part of the brain is considered the vomiting center?

A

Medulla

82
Q

A chronic digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.

A

GERD

83
Q

What causes GERD

A
  • Stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining.
  • stomach sphincter opens inappropriately allowing reflux
84
Q

Symptoms of GERD in adults

A

Burning pain in

  • epigastric
  • chest
  • throat
  • shoulder
  • back
85
Q

Symptoms of GERD in infants?

A
  • regurgitation/vomiting
  • irritability
  • feeding problems
  • poor weight gain
86
Q

Symptoms of GERD in older children and adolescents?

A
  • heartburn/acid regurgitation
  • dysphagia
  • extraesophogeal manifestations
87
Q

When does the onset of GERD occur?

A
  • 30-60 minutes after meal

- Evening onset

88
Q

What can worsen GERD?

A

laying down

89
Q

Preventative measures to avoid GERD

A 
-No alcohol/smoking
smoking
-Eat meals upright
-No recumbent position several hours after a meal
-No bending for long periods
-Sleep with head elevated
-Weight loss
  • Positioning
  • Alcohol/Smoking
  • Weight loss
90
Q

Types of Esophageal Cancer

A
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma

- Adenocarcinoma

91
Q

What causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the esophogus?

A

Alcohol & Tobacco use

92
Q

What is Adenocarcinoma of the esphogus caused by?

A

Barrett Esophagus

93
Q

What is Barrett Esophagus?

A

Damage to the lower portion of the tube that connects the mouth and stomach

94
Q

What causes Barrett Esophagus?

A

repeated exposure to stomach acid

95
Q

Who gets Barrett Esophagus?

A

Pts with long term GERD

96
Q

Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer

A
  • dysphagia
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
  • fatigue
  • painful swallowing

advanced pathology (27 decks)

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