Gastrointestinal Disorders- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 Flashcards
What are the diseases of the teeth and supporting structures?
- Caries
- Gingivitis
- Periodontitis
Permanently damaged areas in teeth that develop into tiny holes
Caries
What is another name for caries?
Cavities
What causes caries?
- bacteria
- snacking and sipping sugary drinks
- poor teeth cleaning
Symptoms of caries
- toothache
- infection
- tooth loss
Treatment for caries
- fluoride
- fillings and crowns
- root canal
- removal
A form of gum disease that causes inflamed gums.
Gingivitis
What causes Gingivitis?
poor oral hygiene
Complications of gingivitis
tooth loss and other serious conditions
Symptoms of gingivitis
- swollen/puffy
- receding,
- tender
- bleed easily
Treatment for gingivitis
- professional cleaning
- oral rinses
A serious gum infection that damages gums and can destroy the jawbone
Periodontitis
Cause of Periodontitis
- poor oral hygiene
- plaque and calculus
- inflammation
- deepening pocket
What can Periodontitis cause?
- heart and lung diseases
Symptoms of periodontitis
-swollen, red, tender gums
Treatment for periodontitis
- professionally cleaning the pockets around teeth to prevent damage to surrounding bone.
- Advanced cases may require surgery.
Another name for gums
Gingiva
Oral Inflammatory lesions
- Aphthous (canker sores)
- Herpes Simplex Virus infection
- Oral candidiasis (thrush)
Aphthous
canker sores
Oral candidiasis
thrush
Normal throat anatomy-be able to identify
- lips
- gums
- uvula
- inside wall of cheek
- tonsil
- tongue
- gum up crease
- soft palate
- anterior pillars of tonsils
- posterior wall of throat (pharynx)
Normal throat vs abnormal throat: color
normal: pink
abnormal: fire-engine red, sores, ulcers
Normal tonsils
-all different sizes
same color as rest of mouth and surrounding tissue
Shallow grey or white sores with a red edge or border that can occur on the inside of the lips, gum lip crease, soft palate or tongue
Cancer sores
An infection in which the fungus Candida albicans accumulates in the mouth.
Oral candidiasis
Who gets Oral candidiasis?
- babies
- immune deficiency
- those who use steroid sprays for asthma.
Symptoms of Oral candidiasis
-white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks
Treatment of Oral candidiasis
- yogurt
- antifungal medication
Types of cavity
- smooth surface
- pit and fissure
- root
Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What % of oral cavity cancers are squamous cell carcinoma?
95%
What percent of oral cavity cancers are salivary gland adenocarcinomas?
5%
What is critical for survival when considering oral cancer?
- Surveillance
- early detection
Etiology of oral cancer
Exposure to carcinogens such as:
- alcohol
- smoked & chewed tobacco
Also:
-Infection with high risk variants of HPV
Diseases of the Salivary glands
- Xerostomia
- Sialadenitis
- Sialolithiasis
- Neoplasms
- Sjogren’s Syndrome
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
Common cause of Xerostomia
- Certain medications
- Not usually due to underlying disease
Other causes of Xerostomia
- not drinking enough fluids
- sleeping with mouth open
- dry hot weather
- eating dry food
What population often gets Xerostomia?
Older people
Condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands
Sialadenitis
Causes of Sialadenitis
- trauma
- viral/bacterial infection
- autoimmune disease
Most common form of viral infection causing Sialadenitis? What does this infection cause?
- mumps
- cause enlargement all salivary glands
Most common bacterial infections causing Sialadenitis? What causes this infection cause?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus viridans
- Causes sialolithiasis
Condition where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland
sialolithiasis
What is another name for sialolithiasis
calculi or stones
Which glands do sialolithiasis typically form in?
duct of the submandibular gland
What is another name for the submandibular gland?
Wharton’s duct
Where else can sialolithiasis form? (rare)
- parotid gland
- sublingual gland
- minor salivary gland
what percentage of sialolithiasis form in the submandibular glands?
80-90%
Do sialolithiasis more commonlu occur bilaterally or unilaterally? what %?
- more commonly unilaterlaly
- 75%
Who rarely gets sialolithiasis?
children
Is sialolithiasis a neoplasm? Is it cancerous?
- yes
- not always
An autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own healthy cells that produce saliva and tears
Sjogren’s syndrome
Symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome
- xerostomia
- xeropthalmia
- blepharitis
- difficulty swallowing
dry eyes
xeropthalmia
Inflammation of the eyelid margin
blepharitis
What disorders cause sjogren’s syndrome?
- rheumatoid arthritis
- lupus
Treatment for sjogren’s syndrome?
- eye drops
- medications
- eye surgery
Does having dry eyes and mouth mean you have sjogren’s syndrome?
no
Who commonly gets symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without actually having the condition?
Older people
How much of the older population have the same symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?
1/3
Why does the older population have the same symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?
age related atrophy of the lacrimal and salivary glands
Who else other than the older population gets symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome without having the condition?
pts on antihistamine or anticholinergic medications (these are side effects)
Disorders of the Esophagus
- Esophageal Varices
- Esophageal Lacerations
Abnormal veins in the lower part of the tube running from the throat to the stomach.
Esophageal Varices
What causes Esophageal Varices?
Usually develop when blood flow to the liver is blocked
Who gets esophageal Varices?
pts with advanced liver disease.
Symptoms of esophageal Varices?
Usually no symptoms unless the veins bleed
Symptoms of bleeding esophageal Varices?
- vomiting blood
- tar-like/bloody stools
- shock
Treatment for esophageal Varices
- beta blockers
- medical procedures to stop bleeding
- liver transplant (rare)
Pathophysiology of esophageal Varices
- Cirrhosis of the liver causes
- Architectural distortion and
- Deficiency in nitric oxide
- Which causes increase in intrahepatic vascular resistance
- And splanchnic arteriolar vasodilation
- Which cause decreased outflow and increased inflow
- Which causes portal HTN
- Causes increase din vessels
- Large vessels can rupture and bleed when pressure is too high
A tear of the tissue of your lower esophagus
Mallory-Weiss tears
Where does a Mallory-Weiss tear occur in the lower esophagus?
- mucosal layer
- junction of esophagus and stomach
What causes a Mallory-Weiss tear?
violent coughing or vomiting
How is a Mallory-Weiss tear diagnosed?
An endoscopic procedure
What are symptoms and complications of a Mallory-Weiss tear?
- anemia
- fatigue
- SOB
- shock
Disorders of GI Function
- anorexia
- nausea
- vomiting
- GI bleeding
Anatomy of the GI system- be able to identify
- oral cavity
- mandible
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- stomach
- duodnum
- transverse colon
- jejunum
- ascending colon
- descending colon
- caecum
- ilium
- appendix
- sigmid colon
- rectum
- anal canal
DIAGRAM OF INTESTINE DISORDERS
DO WE NEED TO KNOW THESE?
Areas of the brain implicated in nausea and vomiting
- GI chemoreceptors
- GI mechanoreceptors
- 5HT-3 receptors/enterochromaffin cells
- Vestibular system
- Higher cortical areas
- Chemoreceptor trigger zone floor of 4th ventricle
- Medulla
What part of the brain is considered the vomiting center?
Medulla
A chronic digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
GERD
What causes GERD
- Stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining.
- stomach sphincter opens inappropriately allowing reflux
Symptoms of GERD in adults
Burning pain in
- epigastric
- chest
- throat
- shoulder
- back
Symptoms of GERD in infants?
- regurgitation/vomiting
- irritability
- feeding problems
- poor weight gain
Symptoms of GERD in older children and adolescents?
- heartburn/acid regurgitation
- dysphagia
- extraesophogeal manifestations
When does the onset of GERD occur?
- 30-60 minutes after meal
- Evening onset
What can worsen GERD?
laying down
Preventative measures to avoid GERD
-No alcohol/smoking smoking -Eat meals upright -No recumbent position several hours after a meal -No bending for long periods -Sleep with head elevated -Weight loss
- Positioning
- Alcohol/Smoking
- Weight loss
Types of Esophageal Cancer
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
What causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the esophogus?
Alcohol & Tobacco use
What is Adenocarcinoma of the esphogus caused by?
Barrett Esophagus
What is Barrett Esophagus?
Damage to the lower portion of the tube that connects the mouth and stomach
What causes Barrett Esophagus?
repeated exposure to stomach acid
Who gets Barrett Esophagus?
Pts with long term GERD
Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer
- dysphagia
- weight loss
- anorexia
- fatigue
- painful swallowing
