respiratory system Flashcards
what is respiration?
process of gas exchange, involving inhalation and exhalation
what is the conducting portion of respiratory system?
Conducts and transfers air in the nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles, and no gas exchange
function of nasal chonchaes?
increase air turbulence, gives air chance to humidify, cause air to swirl so foreign particles get trapped in mucus
what happens with gas exchange?
oxygen is taken from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli and is then expelled when we exhale
what is the respiratory portion?
gas exchange occurs here in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and the alveoli
what is carbon dioxide?
waste product of cellular activity
what happens with filtering air?
occurs in the nasal cavity, the hairs in nose trap particles in the mucus
what is phonation?
happens in the larynx and its responsible for producing speech
what is the larynx and its fucntion?
anterior to the esophagus, voice box, and its function is to transport air to trachea to brochi to lungs, protects lungs from food and liquid and phonation production
how is air warmed and humidified?
the mucosa in the nasal cavity moistens the air coming in and the blood vessels warm blood
function of nasal cavity?
warming and humidifying air, filtering air, and olfaction
what is the process of olfaction?
upper portion of nasal cavity has olfactory epithelium (PCCE), bipolar neurons
what are the characteristics of the nasal cavity?
subdivided by nasal septum, floor is made up of hard and soft palate, has PCCE and olfactory epithelium
what are the three bones on lateral sides of nasal cavity?
superior, middle, and inferior conchae
what are paranasal sinuses?
paired cavities within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity, including maxilla. ethmoid, and sphenoid
what is the laryngopharynx?
from hyoid bone to superior border of the esophagus, directly behind the superior larynx, transports both food and air, contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what are the functions of paranasal sinuses?
warms and humidify air, resonance of voice, and helps lighten skull
what is the oropharynx?
from the soft palate to the hyoid bone, directly behind the oral cavity, both food and air travel here, contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what is the nasopharynx?
directly behind the nasal cavity, inferior border is soft palate, has PCCE and opening for auditory tube
what is the pharynx?
connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, contains group of tonsils
what is the function of pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual
attack/destroy antigens before they get too far
what is the thyroid cartilage?
forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
what is the epiglottis?
spoon-shaped cartilage at top of larynx, closes off the larynx during swallowing so material doesn’t enter the larynx
what is the trachea?
connects larynx superiorly, travels from neck into the thorax, splits into left and right primary bronchi, contains PCCE and C shaped cartilage rings of hyaline cartilage
what is the cricoid cartilage?
only complete ring of cartilage, underneath thyroid cartilage, directly above trachea
what is the arytenoid cartilage?
sits on top of cricoid cartilage
what does the right lung consist of?
3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior lobes), 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal)
what is the bronchial tree?
as inhaled air travels in these tubes the get smaller, epithelium gets shorter, and cartilage slowly disappears and is replaced by smooth muscle
what are the right and left vocal cords?
lined with stratified squamous epithelium, cord vibrate against pressure of air to create sound, more air equals louder sounds
what is pleura?
serous membrane that secretes serous fluid
what does the left lobe consist of ?
2 lobes (superior and inferior lobes), 1 fissure (oblique)
what do pulmonary arteries do?
carry blood low in oxygen from heart to the lungs
what do the bronchial arteries do?
supply the bronchi and bronchioles
what are bronchopulmonary segments?
smaller subdivisions of lungs
what do pulmonary veins do?
carry blood high in oxygen back to the heart
what are the left and right primary bronchi?
one goes to each lung, structures are outside the lungs, contains irregular plates of cartilage and PCCE
What is the secondary bronchi?
one goes to each lobe of lung, contains cartilage plates and PCCE
what is the tertiary bronchi?
supplies the bronchopulmonary segments of lungs, has some cartilage, tertiary bronchi split into smaller bronchi and then bronchi split into bronchioles
what are bronchioles?
contains no cartilage, contains smooth muscle and simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium
what happens with asthma?
bronchioles are constricted making it harder for air to pass through the alveoli
what are terminal bronchioles?
the last generation of bronchioles
where does gas exchange happen?
alveolar ducts, alveoli, and respiratory bronchioles
what are respiratory bronchioles?
branch from terminal bronchioles, contains ciliated cuboidal epithelium and some smooth muscle, alveoli comes off of them, and gives rise to smaller segments of the respiratory portion
what are alveolar ducts?
long tube-like passageway smaller than respiratory bronchioles alveoli come off them
what is alveoli?
smallest unit of respiratory portion, has simple squamous epithelium and the respiratory membrane
what is the respiratory membrane?
contains simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and simple squamous of a pulmonary capillary
what is bronchitis?
inflammation of the passageway in the bronchi
what is pneumonia?
causes mucus build up involving gas exchange in the alveoli
what is quiet breathing?
Breathing from the diaphragm and external intercostals
what is inspiration?
expands the thoracic cavity, diaphragm contracts and moves downward, laterally ribs elevate, and sternum moves anteriorly
what is expiration?
compresses the thoracic cavity, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, laterally ribs depress, and sternum moves posteriorly
what is the autonomic innervation sympathetic?
bronchodilate
what is the autonomic innervation of parasympathetic?
bronchoconstriction
