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Anatomy > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical/molecule that is released into the blood and affects another organ

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1
Q

what is the thalamus and the function?

A

two oval masses of gray matter covered in white matter
function: relay point and processing center for all sensory impulses except for olfaction

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1
Q

what is the hypothalamus and its function?

A

autonomic nervous system control center, endocrine system control center, body temperature regulation, water and electrolyte balance, regulation of sleep wake cycles, regulation of hunger/food intake, control of emotional behavior

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system control center function and its structures?

A

endocrine system which secretes hormones into the bloodstream
hypothalamus which produces two hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary, and it produces hormones that regulate hormonal secretion of anterior pituitary

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1
Q

what is the satiety center?

A

examines glucose levels

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1
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

ions and molecules that carry an electric current

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1
Q

what are the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin for reproductive system and antidiuretic for telling kidneys to concentrate urine

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1
Q

what is the thirst center?

A

examines blood in blood vessels for water/electrolyte balance

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2
Q

how does the hypothalamus show signs of control of emotional behavior?

A

may express emotional feelings as physical changes

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3
Q

how does hypothalamus regulate circadian cycles?

A

regulates pineal gland secretion of melatonin and the hypothalamus raises body temp in response to light

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4
Q

what is white matter?

A

axons

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5
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure?

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

axons that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

what is the gyrus?

A

part of the cerebral cortex that elevates the cortex

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8
Q

what is the sulcus?

A

part of the cerebral cortex that depresses the cortex

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9
Q

what is the lateral sulcus?

A

groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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9
Q

what is the motor speech area?

A

on the left frontal lobe that controls muscular movements needed for speech

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9
Q

what is the primary motor cortex?

A

located in precentral gyrus, controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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10
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, receives sensory input from skin, muscles, joints

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11
Q

what is the Wernicke area?

A

overlaps areas in both parietal and temporal lobes, helps with speech comprehension

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12
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex?

A

receives and processes incoming sounds

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13
Q

what is the primary olfactory cortex?

A

processes smell information and provides conscious awareness of smells

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14
Q

what is the primary visual cortex?

A

receives and processes incoming visual information

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15
Q

what is the insula and its structure?

A

involved with memory and primary gustatory cortex

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16
Q

what is the primary gustatory cortex?

A

involved in processing taste information

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17
Q

what is a receptor?

A

a structure that converts sensory stimulus to a nerve impulse that goes to CNS

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18
Q

what is an exteroceptor?

A

stimuli from outside environment, near the surface of body, some are cutaneous receptors, and they involve special senses

19
Q

what are interoceptors?

A

primary stretch receptors in smooth muscle of viscera

20
Q

what structure serves as a center for controlling autonomic activity and endocrine activity?

A

hypothalamus

21
Q

the primary motor cortex which controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement is located where?

A

Precentral gyrus

21
Q

what does the insula interpret?

A

taste

22
Q

What is the equilibrium?

A

Balance, detecting position of head and coordinating movement

23
Q

what is the denticulate ligament?

A

in pia mater, extends laterally and attaches to dura and is medially between posterior and anterior roots of spinal cord

24
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

25
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

pointed tapered end of spinal cord

26
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

collection of nerve roots coming off of the conus medullaris, horse tail

27
Q

how many cervical nerves and bones are there?

A

8 nerves and 7 vertebra

28
Q

how many thoracic nerves and bones are there?

A

12 nerves and 12 bones

29
Q

how many sacral nerves are there?

A

5

30
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

usually 1

31
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

32
Q

How many lumbar nerves and bones are there?

A

5 and 5

33
Q

what is the cervical enlargement?

A

between cervical nerve 4 and thoracic nerve 1, contains neurons that innervate the upper limb and form brachial plexus

34
Q

what is the lumbar enlargement?

A

between lumber nerve 2 and sacral nerve 3, contains neurons that innervate lower limb and forms lumbosacral plexus

35
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

mid back at lumbar nerve 1

36
Q

what is the lumbar cistern?

A

a space full of CSF and the cauda equina

37
Q

what is the central canal?

A

space within gray matter in spinal cord, lined with ependymal cells, contains CSF

38
Q

what is the spinal cord divided into?

A

inner gray matter and an outer white matter

39
Q

what is grey matter?

A

contains nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, glial cells, and interneurons

40
Q

what are anterior ventral horns?

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that innervates skeletal muscle

41
Q

what are lateral horns?

A

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, prominent only in thoracic nerve 1 through lumbar nerve 2, that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

42
Q

what are posterior horns?

A

interneurons and axons of sensory neurons

43
Q

what is a gray commissure?

A

unmyelinated axons crossing from one side to another, contains central canal

44
Q

what is white matter?

A

bundles of myelinated axons, divided into anterior funiculi, lateral funiculi, and posterior funiculi, both ascending and descending spinal cord tracts present

45
Q

what is the spinal cord tracts?

A

tracts are bundles of axons that run in the white matter of the spinal cord

46
Q

what are ascending tracts?

A

sensory axons that travel from body to brain

47
Q

what are descending tracts?

A

motor axons that travel from brain to body

48
Q

what do spinal nerves exit through?

A

exit the vertebral canal through an Intervertebral foramen

49
Q

what is a nerve?

A

structure that you can see with the naked eye formed from many axons bundled together in connective tissue wrappings

50
Q

what is an anterior root?

A

axons of motor neurons

51
Q

what is a posterior root?

A

axons of sensory neurons

52
Q

what is a posterior root ganglion?

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

53
Q

what is a posterior ramus?

A

innervates deep back muscles and skin of back, provides segmental innervation, smaller

54
Q

what is the anterior ramus?

A

innervates everything else from the neck inferiorly, larger, and it forms nerve plexuses

55
Q

what is a plexus?

A

a network of converging and diverging axons, usually anterior rami

56
Q

difference between roots and rami?

A

roots organize by function, rami organize by location

57
Q

what are a dermatomes?

A

segments of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve creates a sensory map of the body

Anatomy (19 decks)

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