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evolutionary biology and comparative anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Cells utilize O2 and CO2 through what process

A

diffusion

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2
Q

pumping of water in gills or pumping of air in lungs (involves inspiration and expiration)

A

ventilation

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3
Q

diffusion of gases have special adaptations when contact surface between air/water and blood

A

blood-air barrier

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4
Q

exchange of gases with the surrounding environment such as fetal membranes, surface of the skin, in the gills, and lungs - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the external environment and the body cells

A

external respiration

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5
Q

happens at the leevel of the capillary beds where the exchange of gases is achieved through diffusion (blood-air barrier)

A

internal respiration

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6
Q

allows diffusion of gases - cells use oxygen for ATP production (& produce carbon dioxide in the process)

A

capillaries’ endothelium

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7
Q

adaptations for external respiration in adult vertebrates include (4)

A

external and internal gills
swim bladders or lungs
skin
buccopharyngeal mucosa

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8
Q

the process of taking in the air to lungs/water to gills

A

ventilation

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9
Q

less common respiratory devices include what (3)

A

filamentous outgrowths of posterior trunk and thigh
lining of cloaca
lining of esophagus

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10
Q

process of releasing the air/water to the environment

A

expiration

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11
Q

1 inspiration and 1 expiration is equivalent to 1 breathing _____

A

cycle

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12
Q

gills wave back and forth through water to irrigate the capillary beds they carry and oxygenation occurs

ventilation pattern

A

unidirectional (gill ventilation)

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13
Q

type of ventilation where O2 enters the blood-air barrier of alveoli, deoxygenated blood is deloaded into the air sacs and exchanges with O2+, eventually high O2 affinity to blood results and oxygenation occurs

A

bidirectional (lung ventilation)

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14
Q

commonly referred to as breathing, process of air flowing through the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during inspiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

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15
Q

reason why air flow because of their differences between the atmosphere and gases

A

air pressure

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16
Q

respiratory organs of fishes (2)

A

gills
gas bladders

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17
Q

two types of gas bladders

A

swim bladders
rete mirabile or respiratory gas bladders

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18
Q

also called air bladder, buoyancy organ possessed by most bony fish

A

swim bladder

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19
Q

contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking

A

swim bladder

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20
Q

serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound

A

swim bladder

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21
Q

complex of arteries and veins lying close to each other ,found in some vertebrates, mainly warm-blooded ones

A

rete mirabile

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22
Q

utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net to act as a countercurrent exchanger

A

rete mirabile

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23
Q

how many ‘naked’ gill slits in cartilaginous fishes

A

5

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24
Q

anterior and posterior walls of the first 4 gill chambers have a gill surface

true or false?

A

true

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25
Q

gill surface in cartilaginous fishes is known as

A

demibranch

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26
Q

does the posterior wall of last chamber in cartilaginous fishes have a demibranch?

A

no

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27
Q

lies between the 2 demibranch of a gill arch

A

interbranchial septum

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28
Q

protrude from gill cartilage and guard entrance into the gill chamber

A

gill rakers

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29
Q

2 demibranch + septum and associated cartilage, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves = ?

A

holobranch

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30
Q

how many gills slits does bony fishes (teleost) have?

A

5

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31
Q

projects backward over gill chambers in teleost

A

operculum

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32
Q

is interbranchial septa present in bony fishes?

A

no

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33
Q

have 6-15 pairs of gill pouches

A

agnathans

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34
Q

gill pouches in agnathans are connected to pharynx by what ducts

A

afferent branchial (or gill) ducts

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35
Q

gill pouches connected to exterior is connected by what ducts

A

efferent branchial (or gill) ducts

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36
Q

outgrowth from the external surface of 1 or more gill arches

found in lungfish and amphibians

A

external gills

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37
Q

projection through gill slits, occur in early stages of development of elasmobranch

A

filamentous extensions of internal gills

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38
Q

hidden behind larval operculum of late anuran tadpoles

A

internal gills

39
Q

develop an out pocketing of pharynxo r esophagus that becomes one or a pair of sacs (swim bladder or lungs) filled with gases derived directly or indirectly from the atmosphere

A

vertebrates

40
Q

are swim bladders and lungs the sam eorgans?

A

yes

41
Q

vertebrates without swim bladders or lungs include (3)

A

cyclostomes
cartilaginous fish
few teleost

42
Q

may be paired or unpaired, and have during development a pneumatic duct that usually connects to the esophagus

A

swim bladder

43
Q

swim bladder that remains open in bowfins and lungfish

A

physostomous

44
Q

swim bladder that closes off in most teleost

A

physoclistous

45
Q

serve primarily as a hydrostatic organ (regulating a fish’s specific gravity)

A

swim bladder

46
Q

gain by way of a ‘red body’ (or red gland); gas is resorbed via the oval body on posterior part of the bladder

A

swim bladder

47
Q

swim bladder also play a role in ___ by some freshwater teleost ‘hear’ by way of pressure waves and transmitted via the swim bladder and small bones

A

hearing

48
Q

small bones in freshwater teleost that receives pressure waves

A

Weberian ossicles

49
Q

muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air between ‘sub-chambers’ of the bladder

what role of swim bladder

A

sound production

50
Q

swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase surface area) and oxygen and carbo ndioxide is exchange between the bladder and blood

what function

A

respiration

51
Q

respiration through the skin can take place in air, water, or both

A

cutaneous respiration

52
Q

most important among amphibians (especially the family Plethodontidae)

A

cutaneous respiration

53
Q

at larval stage of amphibians, they have ___

A

gills

54
Q

adult amphibians have two respiratory organs

A

skin
lungs

55
Q

describe the pathway of air in pulmonary respiration

A

lungs -> septal -> faveoli -> central chamber

56
Q

2 simple sacs
internal lining may be smooth or have simple calculations or pockets

what type of lungs

A

amphibian lungs

57
Q

partitions formed and subdivide to increase the surface area exposed to the incoming air

A

septal

58
Q

tiny compartments of septal that opens up to the central chamber

A

faveoli

59
Q

not found at the end of the respiratory tree, instead these internal units of amphibian lungs open into a central chamber

A

faveoli

60
Q

is faveoli vascularized?

A

yes

61
Q
A
62
Q

lungs -> faveoli

what group of animals

A

reptiles

63
Q

lungs -> faveoli/ saccular portion (avascular)

type of reptile

A

snake

64
Q

trachea is elongated in response to the posterior migration of the heart and viscera, and in part, to the extendable neck

spongy texture of lungs created by the network of air passages called faveoli

what animal

A

turtle

65
Q

its shell poses a special problem in the ventilation of the lungs, the rigidity of the shell prevents the use of ribs in the aspiration pump

A

turtle

66
Q

how does turtles alter the pressure within the lungs

A

move the lings in and out of the shell

67
Q

beside mammals they have 2 pairs of cartilage

A

tetrapods

68
Q

2 pair of cartilage of tetrapods

A

arytenoid
cricoid

69
Q

in them, they have paired arytenoids, cricoid, thyroid, and other small cartilages including the epiglottis

A

mammals

70
Q

closes glottis when swallowing

A

epiglottis

71
Q

amphibians, some lizards, and most mammals also have ____ stretched across the laryngeal chamber

A

vocal cords

72
Q

usually about as long as a vertebrates neck (except in a few birds such as cranes)

A

trachea

73
Q

trachea is reinforced by ____ rings (or c-rings)

A

cartilaginous

74
Q

splits into 2 primary bronchi

A

trachea

75
Q

in birds, the trachea forms the ___ (used hy other birds to mimic sounds)

A

syrinx

76
Q

2 simples sacs, internal lining may be smooth or simple calculations or pockets

A

amphibian lungs

77
Q

air exchanged in amphibian lungs is exchange by ______-pressure ventilation

A

positive

78
Q

simple/complex sacs in sphenodon and snakes

A

simple

79
Q

the lining of lizards, crocodilians, and turtle lungs are ___ with lots of chambers and subchambers

A

septate

80
Q

type of pressure ventilation in reptilian lungs

A

positive

81
Q

air sacs extensively distirbuted througouht most of the bodey

A

avian lungs

82
Q

air flow through lungs (bronchioles or parabronchi) is unidirectional

what typ[e of lungs

A

avian lungs

83
Q

similar with mammals, they have a respiratory tree

A

birds

84
Q

describe the air flow of bird respiration

A

trachea -> mesobronchi -> parabronchus

85
Q

also known as primary bronchi

A

mesobronchi

86
Q

also known as lungs in birds

A

parabronchus

87
Q

mesobronchi branches (4)

A

laterobronchi
ventrobronchi
dorsobronchi
secondary bronchi

88
Q

lateral area of the mesobronchi

A

laterobronchi

89
Q

abdominal area of the mesobronchi

A

ventrobronchi

90
Q

back area of the msobronchi

A

dorsobronchi

91
Q

have 9 avascular anterior and posterio air sacs

A

birds

92
Q

multichambered and usually divided into lobes

A

mammalian lungs

93
Q

air flow is uni/bidirectional in mammalian lungs

A

bidirectional

94
Q

type of pressure ventialtion in mammalian lungs, with pressures changing due to contraction and relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

negative

evolutionary biology and comparative anatomy (21 decks)

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