Respiratory System

Question 1

Cells utilize O2 and CO2 through what process

Answer 1

diffusion

Question 2

pumping of water in gills or pumping of air in lungs (involves inspiration and expiration)

Answer 2

ventilation

Question 3

diffusion of gases have special adaptations when contact surface between air/water and blood

Answer 3

blood-air barrier

Question 4

exchange of gases with the surrounding environment such as fetal membranes, surface of the skin, in the gills, and lungs - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the external environment and the body cells

Answer 4

external respiration

Question 5

happens at the leevel of the capillary beds where the exchange of gases is achieved through diffusion (blood-air barrier)

Answer 5

internal respiration

Question 6

allows diffusion of gases - cells use oxygen for ATP production (& produce carbon dioxide in the process)

Answer 6

capillaries’ endothelium

Question 7

adaptations for external respiration in adult vertebrates include (4)

Answer 7

external and internal gills
swim bladders or lungs
skin
buccopharyngeal mucosa

Question 8

the process of taking in the air to lungs/water to gills

Answer 8

ventilation

Question 9

less common respiratory devices include what (3)

Answer 9

filamentous outgrowths of posterior trunk and thigh
lining of cloaca
lining of esophagus

Question 10

process of releasing the air/water to the environment

Answer 10

expiration

Question 11

1 inspiration and 1 expiration is equivalent to 1 breathing _____

Answer 11

cycle

Question 12

gills wave back and forth through water to irrigate the capillary beds they carry and oxygenation occurs

ventilation pattern

Answer 12

unidirectional (gill ventilation)

Question 13

type of ventilation where O2 enters the blood-air barrier of alveoli, deoxygenated blood is deloaded into the air sacs and exchanges with O2+, eventually high O2 affinity to blood results and oxygenation occurs

Answer 13

bidirectional (lung ventilation)

Question 14

commonly referred to as breathing, process of air flowing through the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during inspiration

Answer 14

pulmonary ventilation

Question 15

reason why air flow because of their differences between the atmosphere and gases

Answer 15

air pressure

Question 16

respiratory organs of fishes (2)

Answer 16

gills
gas bladders

Question 17

two types of gas bladders

Answer 17

swim bladders
rete mirabile or respiratory gas bladders

Question 18

also called air bladder, buoyancy organ possessed by most bony fish

Answer 18

swim bladder

Question 19

contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking

Answer 19

swim bladder

Question 20

serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound

Answer 20

swim bladder

Question 21

complex of arteries and veins lying close to each other ,found in some vertebrates, mainly warm-blooded ones

Answer 21

rete mirabile

Question 22

utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net to act as a countercurrent exchanger

Answer 22

rete mirabile

Question 23

how many ‘naked’ gill slits in cartilaginous fishes

Answer 23

5

Question 24

anterior and posterior walls of the first 4 gill chambers have a gill surface

true or false?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

gill surface in cartilaginous fishes is known as

Answer 25

demibranch

Question 26

does the posterior wall of last chamber in cartilaginous fishes have a demibranch?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

lies between the 2 demibranch of a gill arch

Answer 27

interbranchial septum

Question 28

protrude from gill cartilage and guard entrance into the gill chamber

Answer 28

gill rakers

Question 29

2 demibranch + septum and associated cartilage, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves = ?

Answer 29

holobranch

Question 30

how many gills slits does bony fishes (teleost) have?

Answer 30

5

Question 31

projects backward over gill chambers in teleost

Answer 31

operculum

Question 32

is interbranchial septa present in bony fishes?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

have 6-15 pairs of gill pouches

Answer 33

agnathans

Question 34

gill pouches in agnathans are connected to pharynx by what ducts

Answer 34

afferent branchial (or gill) ducts

Question 35

gill pouches connected to exterior is connected by what ducts

Answer 35

efferent branchial (or gill) ducts

Question 36

outgrowth from the external surface of 1 or more gill arches found in lungfish and amphibians

Answer 36

external gills

Question 37

projection through gill slits, occur in early stages of development of elasmobranch

Answer 37

filamentous extensions of internal gills

Question 38

hidden behind larval operculum of late anuran tadpoles

Answer 38

internal gills

Question 39

develop an out pocketing of pharynxo r esophagus that becomes one or a pair of sacs (swim bladder or lungs) filled with gases derived directly or indirectly from the atmosphere

Answer 39

vertebrates

Question 40

are swim bladders and lungs the sam eorgans?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

vertebrates without swim bladders or lungs include (3)

Answer 41

cyclostomes cartilaginous fish few teleost

Question 42

may be paired or unpaired, and have during development a pneumatic duct that usually connects to the esophagus

Answer 42

swim bladder

Question 43

swim bladder that remains open in bowfins and lungfish

Answer 43

physostomous

Question 44

swim bladder that closes off in most teleost

Answer 44

physoclistous

Question 45

serve primarily as a hydrostatic organ (regulating a fish's specific gravity)

Answer 45

swim bladder

Question 46

gain by way of a 'red body' (or red gland); gas is resorbed via the oval body on posterior part of the bladder

Answer 46

swim bladder

Question 47

swim bladder also play a role in ___ by some freshwater teleost 'hear' by way of pressure waves and transmitted via the swim bladder and small bones

Answer 47

hearing

Question 48

small bones in freshwater teleost that receives pressure waves

Answer 48

Weberian ossicles

Question 49

muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air between 'sub-chambers' of the bladder what role of swim bladder

Answer 49

sound production

Question 50

swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase surface area) and oxygen and carbo ndioxide is exchange between the bladder and blood what function

Answer 50

respiration

Question 51

respiration through the skin can take place in air, water, or both

Answer 51

cutaneous respiration

Question 52

most important among amphibians (especially the family Plethodontidae)

Answer 52

cutaneous respiration

Question 53

at larval stage of amphibians, they have ___

Answer 53

gills

Question 54

adult amphibians have two respiratory organs

Answer 54

skin lungs

Question 55

describe the pathway of air in pulmonary respiration

Answer 55

lungs -> septal -> faveoli -> central chamber

Question 56

2 simple sacs internal lining may be smooth or have simple calculations or pockets what type of lungs

Answer 56

amphibian lungs

Question 57

partitions formed and subdivide to increase the surface area exposed to the incoming air

Answer 57

septal

Question 58

tiny compartments of septal that opens up to the central chamber

Answer 58

faveoli

Question 59

not found at the end of the respiratory tree, instead these internal units of amphibian lungs open into a central chamber

Answer 59

faveoli

Question 60

is faveoli vascularized?

Answer 60

yes

Question 62

lungs -> faveoli what group of animals

Answer 62

reptiles

Question 63

lungs -> faveoli/ saccular portion (avascular) type of reptile

Answer 63

snake

Question 64

trachea is elongated in response to the posterior migration of the heart and viscera, and in part, to the extendable neck spongy texture of lungs created by the network of air passages called faveoli what animal

Answer 64

turtle

Question 65

its shell poses a special problem in the ventilation of the lungs, the rigidity of the shell prevents the use of ribs in the aspiration pump

Answer 65

turtle

Question 66

how does turtles alter the pressure within the lungs

Answer 66

move the lings in and out of the shell

Question 67

beside mammals they have 2 pairs of cartilage

Answer 67

tetrapods

Question 68

2 pair of cartilage of tetrapods

Answer 68

arytenoid cricoid

Question 69

in them, they have paired arytenoids, cricoid, thyroid, and other small cartilages including the epiglottis

Answer 69

mammals

Question 70

closes glottis when swallowing

Answer 70

epiglottis

Question 71

amphibians, some lizards, and most mammals also have ____ stretched across the laryngeal chamber

Answer 71

vocal cords

Question 72

usually about as long as a vertebrates neck (except in a few birds such as cranes)

Answer 72

trachea

Question 73

trachea is reinforced by ____ rings (or c-rings)

Answer 73

cartilaginous

Question 74

splits into 2 primary bronchi

Answer 74

trachea

Question 75

in birds, the trachea forms the ___ (used hy other birds to mimic sounds)

Answer 75

syrinx

Question 76

2 simples sacs, internal lining may be smooth or simple calculations or pockets

Answer 76

amphibian lungs

Question 77

air exchanged in amphibian lungs is exchange by ______-pressure ventilation

Answer 77

positive

Question 78

simple/complex sacs in sphenodon and snakes

Answer 78

simple

Question 79

the lining of lizards, crocodilians, and turtle lungs are ___ with lots of chambers and subchambers

Answer 79

septate

Question 80

type of pressure ventilation in reptilian lungs

Answer 80

positive

Question 81

air sacs extensively distirbuted througouht most of the bodey

Answer 81

avian lungs

Question 82

air flow through lungs (bronchioles or parabronchi) is unidirectional what typ[e of lungs

Answer 82

avian lungs

Question 83

similar with mammals, they have a respiratory tree

Answer 83

birds

Question 84

describe the air flow of bird respiration

Answer 84

trachea -> mesobronchi -> parabronchus

Question 85

also known as primary bronchi

Answer 85

mesobronchi

Question 86

also known as lungs in birds

Answer 86

parabronchus

Question 87

mesobronchi branches (4)

Answer 87

laterobronchi ventrobronchi dorsobronchi secondary bronchi

Question 88

lateral area of the mesobronchi

Answer 88

laterobronchi

Question 89

abdominal area of the mesobronchi

Answer 89

ventrobronchi

Question 90

back area of the msobronchi

Answer 90

dorsobronchi

Question 91

have 9 avascular anterior and posterio air sacs

Answer 91

birds

Question 92

multichambered and usually divided into lobes

Answer 92

mammalian lungs

Question 93

air flow is uni/bidirectional in mammalian lungs

Answer 93

bidirectional

Question 94

type of pressure ventialtion in mammalian lungs, with pressures changing due to contraction and relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Answer 94

negative