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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > External Anatomy and Exoskeletal Structure of Vertebrate > Flashcards

External Anatomy and Exoskeletal Structure of Vertebrate Flashcards

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1
Q

body of vertebrates generally divided into (3)

A

head
trunk
tail

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2
Q

usual body of vertebrates

A

fusiform

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3
Q

peculiar to land vertebrates

A

neck

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4
Q

label the body of a shark

A

grade yourself accordingly

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5
Q

body of Chondrichthyes are this shaped

A

fusiform

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6
Q

Being pointed at both ends and laterally flattened

A

fusiform

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7
Q

Provided with a minute scale, which can be felt as rough tiny spines if the hand is pressed over its skin

A

fusiform

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7
Q

fine, light-colored whitish horizontal stripe, will be observed to extend along each side of the body

A

lateral line

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8
Q

located underneath the lateral line that contains sensory cells

A

lateral canal

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9
Q

zigzag muscle segments that can be detected through the skin

A

myotomes

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10
Q

the most anterior part of the body, somewhat flattened and triangular in shape

A

head

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11
Q

pointed anterior end of the head

A

rostrum

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12
Q

ventral narrow and crescentic opening that is bounded by the upper and lower jaws both bearing diagonal rows of teeth

A

mouth

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13
Q

a pair of openings on the ventral side of the rostrum, it is provided with a little flap of skin dividing it into two passages

A

nostrils

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14
Q

pair of large oval structures on each side of the head, set in deep sockets without upper and lower eyelids

A

eyes

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15
Q

two canals that connect the ears to the surface of the head by a pair of small pores on the mid-dorsal surface of the head just at the back level of the eyes

A

endolymphatic ducts

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16
Q

Intended for balance

A

endolymphatic ducts

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17
Q

cartilaginous fishes are also known as

A

Chondrichthyes

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18
Q

fusiform or spindle-shaped being pointed at both ends and laterally flattened

A

trunk

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19
Q

having no operculum, openings just behind the eyes

A

gill slits

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20
Q

first circular opening

A

spiracle

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21
Q

a row of five elongated gill openings

A

2nd to 6th gills

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22
Q

Some have extra 1 gill slit for deep water sharks

A

2nd to 6th gills

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23
Q

arise from the median line

A

unpaired median gills

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24
Q

arise from the mid-dorsal line

A

anterior and posterior dorsal fin

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25
Q

arise from the ventral side (sharks)

A

paired fins

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26
Q

anterior pair of fins found immediately behind the gill slits

A

pectoral fins

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27
Q

posterior pair of fins found at the junction of the trunk and tail

A

pelvic fins

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28
Q

in males, two stout processes are found on the medial side of the pelvic fins

A

claspers

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29
Q

fine flexible rays that supports the fins

A

dermal fin rays

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30
Q

dermal fin rays for cartilaginous fishes are also known as

A

ceratotrichia

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31
Q

large opening found between the bases of pelvic fins, which if spread apart, are projecting urogenital papilla would be seen

A

cloacal aperture/anus

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32
Q

modified into a fin, located at the posterior end of the body, and considered heterocercal because it consist of larger dorsal and a smaller ventral lobe

A

tail

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33
Q

type of tail of sharks, having unequal upper and lower lobes, usually with the vertebral column passing into the upper.

A

heterocercal tail

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34
Q

gives out electrical signal to locate prey

A

ampullae of lorenzini

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35
Q

structure to determine the sex of the shark (male

A

clasper

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36
Q

covered with scales, arranged in diagonal rows, and embedded into the dermis of the skin

A

osteichtyes body

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37
Q

most anterior part of the body, somewhat oblongated in shape

A

head (bony fish)

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38
Q

the terminally situated anterior opening of the head

A

mouth

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39
Q

two pairs of openings on the anterodorsal end of the head

A

nostrils

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40
Q

large structures found on each side of the head, without upper and lower eyelids

A

eyes

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41
Q

a large flap-like structure that forms the posterior and lateral margins of the head

A

gill cover or operculum

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42
Q

large, flat scale-like bones that support the operculum and cover the gill opening

A

opercular bones

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43
Q

wide slit in the body wall

A

gill opening

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44
Q

membrane attached to the ventral margin of the operculum and is supported by branchiostegal rays

A

branchiostegal membrane

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45
Q

supports the branchiostegal membrane, supported by seven bony rays

A

branchiostegal rays

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46
Q

four curved structures within the cavity covered by operculum

A

gill arches

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47
Q

situated on the outer margin, consist of soft filaments

A

gill filaments

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48
Q

situated on the inner margin, a series of tooth-like processes

A

gill rakers

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49
Q

transition from cartilaginous to bony fish

A

chimaera

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50
Q

arise from the mid-dorsal line

A

unpaired fins

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51
Q

unpaired fins in bony fishes

A

dorsal and posterior fin
anal fin

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52
Q

paired fins of bony fishes include

A

pectoral fin
pelvic fin

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53
Q

fin found just behind the operculum

A

pectoral fin

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54
Q

fin found nearly at the level of the pectoral fin from the level of the anus

A

pelvic fin

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55
Q

bony flexible jointed fin rays supporting the fins of the bony fishes

A

lepidotrichia

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56
Q

large opening on the mid-ventral line in front of the ventral fin

A

anal opening

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57
Q

small elevation that projects from a depression just behind the anal opening

A

urogenital papilla

58
Q

modified into a fin, bilobed homocercal type

A

tail

59
Q

label the turtle

A

grade yourself accordingly

60
Q

its typical body is cornified and provided with scales and is divided into:

A

turtle

61
Q

turtle is divided into

A

head
neck
trunk
short tail regions

62
Q

anterior most part of the body somewhat triangular in shape

A

head

63
Q

pair of closely placed openings situated at the tip of the head

A

external nares

64
Q

large structure, situated at each side of the head. It is provided with upper and lower eyelids and a third eyelid, called the nictitating membrane

A

eyes (nictitating membrane)

65
Q

Situated at the anterior corner of the eye

A

nictitating membrane

66
Q

terminally situated anterior opening of the head, made up of hard, horny beak that lacks teeth

A

jaws

67
Q

circular membrane found behind the angle of the jaws

A

eardrum

68
Q

non visible ear

A

tympanic membrane

69
Q

long and flexible structure that joints the head to the trunk region

A

neck

70
Q

broad and flat, enclosed by a shell

A

trunk

71
Q

the dorsal arched shell

A

carapace

72
Q

ventral flat shell

A

plastron

73
Q

both the carapace and plastron are connected by this situated ventrolaterally

A

lateral bridges

74
Q

anterior part of the limbs consisting of the upper arm, forearm, and manus or hand

A

forelimbs

75
Q

posterior part of the limbs consisting of thigh, shank, and pes or foot

A

hindlimbs

76
Q

Both forelimbs and hindlimbs are what types

A

pentadactyl

77
Q

Webbed digits terminate into claws

A

hindlimb turtle

78
Q

most posterior, much-reduced part of the body, both in length and in diameter

A

tail

79
Q

turtle vs tortoise

A

turtle - flipper like
tortoise - elephant leg

80
Q

label the parts of a snake

A

grade yourself accordingly

81
Q

the body is elongated and divided into three regions: head, trunk, and tail

A

snake

82
Q

usually separated from the trunk by a neck-like constriction

A

head

83
Q

the snake body is entirely covered with this

A

epidermal scales

84
Q

most anterior part of the body, which is well developed, consisting of the following structures

A

head

85
Q

located at each side of the head, provided with movable eyelids

A

eye

86
Q

situated at the rostral end which is dilatable because of the bones of the jaws and palate are united by elastic ligaments

A

mouth

87
Q

a pair of closely placed openings situated at the tip of the head

A

nostrils

88
Q

posterior to the head, there is no clear distinction between the thorax and abdomen

A

trunk

89
Q

part posterior to the event or anus

A

tail

90
Q

absent in snakes, but in some species, the hindlimbs are represented by mere spurs beside the vent

A

limbs

91
Q

They kill their prey by constricting it, usingtheir strong muscles and coiled bodies to suffocate their prey before eating.

A

constrictor

92
Q

are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey

A

venomous

93
Q

label the parts of a chicken

A

grade yourself accordingly

94
Q

its body is divided into four regions: head, neck, trunk, and stump tail, almost entirely covered in feathers

A

chicken

95
Q

most anterior part of the body, which is well-developed bearing the following structures:

A

head

96
Q

situated at each side of the head, generally are and provided with upper and lower eyelids

A

eyes

97
Q

third eyelid that can be drawn across the eye from the anterior corner

A

nictitating membrane

98
Q

observed only in a plucked bird and is situated posterior and below the eyes

A

ears

99
Q

structure of the head and is made up of upper and lower jaws that are encased in horny sheaths

A

beak

100
Q

slit-like openings situated under the anterior margins of the cere

A

external nares

101
Q

no teeth of their beak

A

bird

102
Q

cushion-like protuberance on the base of the upper beak, occurs only in some families of birds

A

cere

103
Q

long, flexible part, situated immediately posterior to the head

A

neck

104
Q

shorter, firmer, and non-flexible part of the body due to the fusion of bones of the back, has two pairs of limbs:

A

trunk

105
Q

anterior part of limbs modified into wings or organs of flight

A

forelimbs

106
Q

Consist of a short upper arm that is directed posteriorly, a longer forearm that is directed forward and the fused hand and wrist which are elongated and directed caudad

A

forelimbs

107
Q

big flight feathers of the wings

A

remiges

108
Q

feather of the hand

A

primaries

109
Q

feathers of the forearm

A

secondaries

110
Q

feathers of the upperarm

A

tertiaries or humeral

111
Q

posterior pair of limbs that are partially covered with feathers and partly with horny scales like those in reptiles

A

hindlimb

112
Q

Only four digits that terminate into claws, the fifth being absent

A

hindlimb

113
Q

Entire limb is directed ventrally so as to raise the animal above the ground

A

bird hindlimb

114
Q

represented as stump, the uropygium, with a half-circle of large flight feathers (retrices(

A

tail

115
Q

transverse slit or opening with protruding lips situated under the base of the tail

A

anus/cloacal aperture

116
Q

gland of which the opening is represented by a prominent papilla, situated dorsally but anterior to the base of the tail stump of a plucked chicken

A

uropygial gland

117
Q

sebaceous gland that releases oil for the tail feather

A

uropygial gland

118
Q

hairs of the cat

A

fur

119
Q

large, most anterior part of the body bearing the following structures

A

head

120
Q

largest part of the head, housing the brain

A

cranial region

121
Q

situating at the anterolateral part of
the cranium, consisting of:

A

external nares

122
Q

two parts of external nares

A

pinna
external auditory meatus

123
Q

long and flexible external fold of the ear

A

pinna

124
Q

passageway that descends deeply into the skull

A

external auditory meatus

125
Q

anterior part of the head containing the following structures:

A

facial region

126
Q

situated at each side of the face, provided with upper and lower eyelids and a third eyelid (nictitating memberane)

A

eyes

127
Q

can be grasped and drawn over the eyeball

A

third eyelid

128
Q

especially long and stout hairs surrounding the nose and mouth

A

whiskers/vibrassae

129
Q

well developed and fleshy, notice the cleft at the cent of the upper lip

A

lips

130
Q

the region of the body that is immediately posterior to the head

A

neck

131
Q

region immediately posterior to the neck and is divided into:

A

trunk

132
Q

the anterior part of the trunk that is supported by the ribs

A

chest or thorax

133
Q

posterior part of the trunk, containing the following

A

abdomen

134
Q

four or five pairs in number on the ventral part of the trunk

A

teats/nipple

135
Q

anterior pair of the limbs that consists of the upper arm, forearm, and manus or hand

A

forelimb

136
Q

posterior pair of limbs that consist of the thigh, shank, and pes or foot

A

hindlimb

137
Q

the cat’s hindlimb digits terminate into this, five in the front and four behind since the first hind tow is absent

A

claws

138
Q

Claws of cat and rest of its family is ___

A

retractile

139
Q

walking on its toes and not touching the ground with its heels, as a dog, cat, or rodent.

A

digitigrade

140
Q

walking on the soles of the feet, like a human or a bear.

A

plantigrade

141
Q

walk only on distal-most tips of their digits

A

unguligrade

142
Q
A

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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