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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue or organ of the animal body
characterized by the ability to contract, usually in
response to a stimulus from the nervous system

A

muscle

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2
Q

it is a result of alternating contraction and
relaxation of muscles.

A

motion

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3
Q

constitute about 40-50% of the total body
weight of adult.

A

muscle tissue

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4
Q

The study of muscle is

A

myology

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5
Q

*Muscle is the contractile tissue of the body and
is derived from the ____ layer of
embryonic germ cells.

A

mesodermal

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6
Q

contain contractile filaments that
move past each other and change the size of the
cell.

A

muscle cells

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7
Q

function of muscle

A

produce force and cause motion

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8
Q

Muscles can cause either ___of the
organism itself or movement of ____ organs

A

locomotion
internal

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9
Q

type of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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10
Q

muscle attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Function is to move bones thus creating movement.

A

skeletal muscle

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12
Q
  • It is striated, contains alternating dark and light bands.
  • It is voluntary or it can be controlled at will.
A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

It is cylindrical in shape and contain numerous nucleus
located in their periphery

A

skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Speed of contraction is ___ to ___ in skeletal muscle

A

fast to slow

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15
Q

do skeltal muscle have rhythmic contraction

A

no

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16
Q
  • Forms the wall of the heart.
A

cardiac muscle

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17
Q
  • Striated, contains alternating dark and light bands.
  • Involuntary or it is not controlled at will.
A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q
  • It has a rhythm in contraction.
  • Branching in shape, and contain a centrally located nucleus.
A

cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Possess the intercalated discs, which are unique only to them

A

cardiac muscle

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20
Q

connect one
muscle fiber to another

A

intercalated discs

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21
Q

It provides a route for quick muscle action potentials
throughout the heart.

A

cardiac muscle

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22
Q

Located in the walls of hallow internal structures.

A

smooth muscle

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23
Q
  • It is not striated.
  • It is involuntary.
A

smooth muscle

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24
Q
  • Fusiform or spindle shape cells that possess a centrally located
    nucleus.
A

smooth muscle

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25
Q
  • It provides movement of substances in the hallow organs. (ex.
    Peristalsis in the GI tract)
A

smooth muscle

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26
Q

Speed of contraction is very slow.
* It has rhythmic contraction in some part of the body (GI tract)

A

smooth muscle

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27
Q

function of the muscle (4)

A
  • Producing body movements
  • Stabilizing body positions
  • Storing and moving substances within the body
  • Generating heat
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28
Q

PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE (4)

A
  • Electrical excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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29
Q

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing
electrical signals such as action potential.

A

electrical excitability

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30
Q

Is the ability of muscle tissue to contract forcefully when
stimulated by an action potential.

A

contractility

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31
Q

Is the ability of muscle to stretch without being
damaged.

A

extensibility

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32
Q
  • The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original
    length and shape after contraction or extension.
A

elasticity

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33
Q

It is a sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue that
supports and surrounds muscle and other organs of the body.

A

fascia

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34
Q

It separates the muscle from the skin

A

supreficial fascia

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35
Q
  • It contains adipose tissue that insulates the body.
A

superficial fascia

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36
Q

fascia that lines the body walls and the limbs

A

deep fascia

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37
Q

It allows free movement of muscles, carries nerves, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

A

deep fascia

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38
Q

a fills the space between muscles

A

deep fascia

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39
Q

Three layers of connective tissue extend from the
deep fascia these are

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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40
Q

connective tissue that covers the entire muscle

A

epimysium

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41
Q

covers fascicle

A

perimysium

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42
Q

covers muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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43
Q

entire muscle -> fascicle -> muscle fiber -> myofibril -> sarcomere

A

+1

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44
Q
  • A dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire
    muscle.
A

epimysium

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45
Q

It separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs

A

epimysium

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46
Q

Surrounds group of 10 to 100 or more individual bundles of
muscle fibers called a fascicle

A

perimysium

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47
Q

e individual bundles of
muscle fibers

A

fascicle

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

Surrounds the individual skeletal muscle fibers (fascicle) and interconnects
adjacent muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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50
Q

Scattered between the endomysium and the muscle fibers are ____

A

sattelite cells

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51
Q

embryonic stem cells that function in the repair of damaged muscle
tissue

A

satellite cells

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52
Q

narrow bans of connective tissue that connec muscles to bone

A

tendons

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53
Q

bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone

A

ligaments

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54
Q

bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones

A

aponeuroses

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55
Q

It is the attachment of the
muscle tendons or
aponeuroses to the
stationary bone, which is
usually proximal.

A

origin

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56
Q
  • It is the attachment of the
    other muscle tendons or
    aponeuroses to the
    movable bone which is
    usually distal.
A

insertion

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57
Q

It is the prime
mover. A muscle that causes
a desired action; contracting.

A

agonist

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58
Q

It is a muscle
simultaneously relaxing as
the agonist is contracting

A

antagonist

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59
Q

. It is a muscle
involved in addition to
agonists and antagonists,
which serve to steady a
movement, thus, preventing
unwanted movements and
helping the prime mover
functions more efficiently

A

synergist

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60
Q

parallel muscle term

A

rectus

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61
Q

transverse muscle term

A

transversus

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62
Q

attachd to the temporal bone

A

temporalis

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63
Q

largest muscle

A

maximus

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64
Q

smallest muscle

A

minimus

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65
Q

long bone

A

longus

66
Q

short bone

A

brevis

67
Q

two origins

A

biceps

68
Q

three origins

A

triceps

69
Q

triangular

A

deltoid

70
Q

rhomboid

A

rhomboideus

71
Q

o: scapula
i: deltoid ridge of humerus

A

scapulohumeralis

72
Q

bends or flexes a part; decreases the angle at a joint

A

flexor

73
Q

straightens or extends a part; usually increases the angle of a joint

A

extensor

74
Q

moves a bone away from the midline or axis of the body

A

abductor

75
Q

moves a bone closer to the midline

A

adductor

76
Q

produces an upward or superiorly directed movement

A

levator

77
Q

produces a downward or inferiorly directed movement

A

depressor

78
Q

decreases the size of an opening

A

sphincter

79
Q

increases the size of the opening

A

dilator

80
Q

moves a bone around its longitudinal axis

A

rotator

81
Q

rotator that turns a part dorsad or upward

A

supinator

82
Q

rotator that turns a part ventrad or upward

A

pronator

83
Q

makes a body part more rigid

A

tensor

84
Q

is a condition in which an organism forms or possesses a
linear series of body segments.

A

metamerism

85
Q

is the segmented appearance
created by the epaxial and hypaxial muscles

A

metamerism

86
Q

bundles of muscle fibers.

A

myomeres

87
Q

separate myomeres horizontally

A

myosepta

88
Q

separate myomeres vertically

A

myocommata

89
Q

dorsal side muscle and support the body, also move the head
and tail (extend from the skull to the tip of the tail), these muscles aid in stride length

A

epaxial muscle

90
Q

ventral side muscle and are dominant in tetrapods, aid in
respiration

A

hypaxial muscle

91
Q

include the skeletal muscles of the
trunk and tail.

A

axial muscle

92
Q

extend forward beneath the
pharynx as hypobranchial muscles
and muscles of the tongue

A

axial muscle

93
Q

are present in orbits as extrinsic
eyeball muscles

A

axial muscle

94
Q
  • are metameric
  • are segmental because of their
    embryonic origin; arise from
    segmental mesodermal somites
A

axial muscles

95
Q

consists of a series of segments (myomeres) separated by myosepta

A

axial musculature

96
Q

serve as origins and insertions for segmented muscles

A

myosepta

97
Q

Myomeres are divided into dorsal and ventral masses by a horizontal septum that
extends between the transverse processes of the vertebrae:

which animal

A

fish

98
Q

Epaxials = below/above the septum

A

above

99
Q

above/below the septum

hypaxials

A

below

100
Q

separate the myomeres of the 2 sides of the body

A

middorsal and midventral septa

101
Q

(midventral septum is called the

A

linea alba

102
Q

have epaxial and hypaxial masses, and these retain some evidence
of metamerism

A

tetrapads

103
Q

Modifications:
❑epaxials are elongated bundles that extend through many body segments and that are
located below the expanded appendicular muscles required to operate the limbs

❑hypaxials of the abdomen have no
myosepta and form broad sheets of muscle

❑hypaxials are oriented into oblique, rectus, and transverse bundles

A

tetrapods

104
Q

lie along vertebral column dorsal to transverse processes and lateral to
neural arches

A

epaxial of tetrapods

105
Q

extend from base of the skull to tip of the tai

A

epaxials

106
Q

epaxials are obviously
metameric and are referred to
as the dorsalis trunci

A

urodeles and some lizards

107
Q

superficial epaxial bundles form long muscles that extend over many body
segments; deep bundles are still segmented

group of animals

A

higher tetrapods

108
Q
  • lies on transverse processes of
    vertebrae; includes the longest epaxial
    bundles

group of muscles!

A

longissimus group

109
Q

lateral to longissimus and spinalis
* arises on ilium and inserts on dorsal
ends of ribs or uncinate processes

A

iliocostalis group

110
Q
  • lies close to neural arches
  • connects spinous processes or
    transverse processes with those several
    vertebrae anteriorly
A

spinalis group

111
Q
  • intervertebral
  • remain segmented
  • connect processes (spinous,
    transverse, and zygapophyses) of
    adjacent vertebrae
A

shortest bundles

112
Q

oblique (external and internal), transverse, and rectus muscles
Muscles that form longitudinal bands in roof of body cavity (subvertebral muscles)

A

hypaxials

113
Q
  • ribs developed in myosepta along entire length of the trunk
  • urodeles still have myosepta the length of the trunk (but ribs no longer form in all of them)

group of animals?

A

early amphibians and reptiles

114
Q
  • myosepta and ribs are restricted to the thorax (so abdominal muscles are not segmented)
  • hypaxials form 3 layers: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse (in the thorax region:
    external and internal intercostals, which play an important role in respiration, and transverse
    muscle)

group of animals?

A

modern amniotes

115
Q

weakly developed in most fish; ‘stronger’ in tetrapods

A

rectus muscles

116
Q
  • support ventral body wall and aid in arching the back
A

rectus musacles

117
Q

(typically extends from the anterior end of the sternum to
the pelvic girdle

what muscle

A

rectus abdominis

118
Q
  • underneath and against transverse processes of vertebrae
  • includes the psoas and iliacus in the lumbar region and the longus colli in the neck
  • less developed in the thorax and none in the tail
A

sub vertebral muscles

119
Q

do short epaxials perform same function as in fish

A

yes

120
Q

attach to and move the skull

what bundle of epaxials

A

most anterior bundles

121
Q

arch and support the vertebral column

A

short and long bundles

122
Q

hypaxials used chiefly for swimming

A

aquatic urodeles

123
Q

hypaxials that assist in locomotion

group of animals

A

urodeles?

124
Q

muscles that are reduced in volume in tetrapods compared to fish

A

hypaxials

125
Q

now support contents of abdomen, assist in respiration
(especially intercostal muscles), and assist epaxials in bending vertebral column
(rectus muscles)

which muscle and group of animals

A

hypaxials
tetrapods

126
Q
  • hypobranchials extend forward
    from pectoral girdle and insert on
    mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilages
  • hypobranchials strengthen floor of
    pharynx and assist branchiomeric
    muscles in elevating floor of
    mouth, lowering jaw, and extending
    gill pouches

group of animals?

A

fish

127
Q
  • hypobranchials stabilize and move
    hyoid apparatus and larynx
  • the tongue of amniotes is a ‘sac’
    anchored to hyoid skeleton and filled
    with hypobranchial muscle

group of animals?

A

tetrapods

127
Q
A
128
Q
  • move fins or limbs
A

appendicular muscles

129
Q

originated on the axial skeleton and inserts on
the girdles or skeleton of the limbs.

A

extrinsic

130
Q

originates on the girdle as proximal muscles
and inserts on distal parts.

A

intrinsic

131
Q

appendicular muscles serve mostly as stabilizers; intrinsic muscles
are limited in number and undifferentiated.

group of animals?

A

fish

132
Q
  • appendicular muscles are much more complicated than in fish
  • greater leverage required for locomotion on land
  • jointed appendages require complex muscles
A

tetrapods

133
Q

Dorsal group of the forelimbs that arise on:
* fascia of trunk in lower
tetrapods
* skull, vertebral column, and
ribs to a point well behind the
scapula in higher tetrapods and
converge on the girdle and limb

2 muscles

A

trapezius
lattisimus dorsi

134
Q

s are the connection between muscles and
when the muscles then activate together they can enhance
the stability of your body.

A

muscle slings

135
Q

e requires no such muscular anchoring because it is attached directly to the
vertebral column (as a result, the volume of extrinsic muscle is relatively small in posterior
limbs).

A

pelvic girdle

136
Q

most develop from hypaxial blastemas in the body wall
* referred to as secondary appendicular muscles because it was not
their original function to operate appendages
* chief extrinsic muscles of forelimbs of tetrapods include: scapular
deltoid, latissimus dorsi, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis, and
pectorals

A

extrinsic appendicular muscle

137
Q
  • form from blastemas within the limb bud
  • called primary appendicular muscles
A

intrinsic appendicular muscles

138
Q

appendicular muscles of ___ are much more complex than in fish

A

amphibians

139
Q

appendicular muscles of ___ are more numerous and diverse than in amphibians; better support of body and
increased mobility of distal segments of the limbs

A

reptiles

140
Q

appendicular muscles of ___ are - intrinsic musculature is reduced; pectoralis (downstroke muscle) and
supracoracoideus (upstroke muscle) are enlarged

A

birds

141
Q

appendicular muscles of ___ aresimilar to reptiles but more diverse

A

mammals

142
Q
  • associated with the pharyngeal arches
  • series of skeletal and smooth muscles
  • adductors, constrictors, and levators operate jaws plus successive gill arches
A

branchiomeric muscles

143
Q

read table

A

+1 for understanding

144
Q

operate the jaws (adductor mandibulae and
intermandibularis)

A

madibular arch

145
Q

muscles of 1st arch operate jaws
* adductors of mandible:
❑ masseter and temporalis
❑ pterygoid
❑ digastric

group of animals

A

tetrapods?

146
Q
  • move hyoid arch
  • aid in hearing (stapedial muscle)
  • assist in moving lower jaw (e.g., digastric)
A

muscle of hyoid arch

147
Q

muscle that aid in hearing

A

stapedial muscle

148
Q

muscle that aid in lmoving lower jaw

A

digastric

149
Q

constrictors above and below gill chambers plus levators
(including the cucullaris) that compress and expand the gill pouches

group of animals

A

shark

150
Q
  • muscles reduced; operculum plays important role in
    respiration

group of animals

A

bony fish

151
Q

muscles further reduced; in the muscles of 3rd and successive arches

which group of animal?

A

tetrapods

152
Q
  • used for swallowing
A

stylopharyngeus

153
Q

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

voicebox

154
Q

gives rise to trapezius, cleidomastoid, and
sternocleidomastoid muscles of amniotes

A

cucullaris

155
Q
  • originate (usually) on the skeleton and insert on the underside of the dermis
  • striated
  • move skin of amniotes
A

extrinsic integumentary muscle

156
Q
  • entirely within the dermis
  • found in birds and mammals
  • mostly smooth muscles
A

intrinsic integumentary muscle

157
Q

example of extrinsic integumentary muscle

A

platysma

158
Q

example of intrinsic integumentary muscle

A

arrector pili muscle

159
Q
  • consist of a number of electric discs (up to 20,000) piled in either vertical or
    horizontal columns
  • each disc (electroplax) is a large coin-shaped cell
  • evolved several times in a variety of fish (good example of convergent evolution)
A

electric organs

160
Q

Functions of electric organs:

A

defense
communication
locating prey (electrolocation)

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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